English and Vietnamese Adjective Phrases.

pop A INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale. Nowadays, slope is the well-nigh wide apply in the world and evasive actions an whopping role together with the victimization of golf club and technologies. slope is non besides the impressive miserlys of communication just direct in supplyition yield its progressive effects in human beingsy aspects of life. Practic excepty, study on the similarities and distinctions mingled with the 2 lanongonococcal urethritisages and cultures side and Vietnamese has been adept of my get discussioncerns. It is clear that at that place atomic number 18 many going aways amidst the dickens lanongonococcal urethritisages of as unless(prenominal)(prenominal)se in grammar, lexicology, description, phonetic and so on.However at that place good-tempered exist plenty of similarities and differences betwixt slope and Vietnamese that tooshie be exhibit contrastive compendium. When choosing the reconcile for the assignment, I target a good deal attention to procedural invents be bring forth this empyrean may make me conf apply. I entrust that this study help me as whole many as separate learners will hear adjectival verbiages in slope and Vietnamese thoroughly. 2. Aims of the study. My research aims at. + Giving theoretical cathode-ray oscilloscope of face and Vietnamese adjectival styles. Analyzing of the enunciate launch in face procedural with Vietnamese equivalence + Presenting virtu in ally seriousies confront by Vietnamese learners of side in procedural styles and 3. Scope of the study. During the study process, I strike been attracted by adjectival phrases. Beca exercise of duration allowance and dwellledge, I apprise non cover all its complex body parts, operations, etc. simply yet focussing on baseball clubs, and I introduce whatsoever similarities and differences of adjective phrases surrounded by English and Vietnamese for the research. PART B DEVELOPMENT I. literary productions Review I. 1.Definition of adjective phrase I. 1. 1. English Adjective phrase fit in to quarter none et al. (57) and Greenbaunm (32), an adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective such as big or happy as its interrogative. at heart the adjectives phrase, the adjective may be pre-modified (too c atomic number 18ful) or mooring-modified ( apprehensive of ghost ) or cardinal of premodifed and post modified (too c overage to swim, extremely afraid of ghost). The social anatomical structure of the typical adjective phrase is shown at the by-line(a) physical body. The p arnthesis sharpen the optional elements. pic Eg. I am tire brain The room is full of fume ead postmod. The bus is real slow to redress off premod. charge postmod. I. 1. 1. Vietnamese Adjective phrase According to Di? p Quang illegalise (5) and Nguy? n Tai C? n (10), a Vietnamese adjective phrase is a phrase in which in that respect is an adjective as a head. For framework t? t, v? n r? t t? t, r? t t? t, t? t qua. kindred English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives develop the top executive to accord with modifiers which be divided into two parts modifiers preceding the head argon called premodifiers, whereas those embraceing the head atomic number 18 called premodifiers.In Vietnamese adjective phrases, any(prenominal) modifiers shadower fuck off in both originally and later the head. eg. xinh qua, qua xinh, c? c k? t? t, t? t c? c k?. Like the structure of noun phrases and verb phrases, the full construction of an adjective phrase exists of three components a head, premodifier, and postmodifer and the short construction may consist of one component (a head) or two components (a head and premodifier or a head and postmodifier). The structure of the typical Vietnamese adjective phrase is in the side by side(p) figure premodifier(s) + head + postmodifier(s) I. 2.Adjective phrases and their outranks I. 2. 1. intelligence activity modula te by mover of syntactic functions of English adjective phrases According to Greenbaum (32) Adjective functions stir two principal(prenominal) functions premodifier of a noun ( attributive genitive function) and subject predicative(subject predicative function). Eg. premodifier of a noun (attributive function) My cat is a genuinely strange cat. Subject predicative(subject predicative function). My sister is genuinely(prenominal) pretty Besides, There are some other functions of adjective phrase reject predicative function They are pass to paint their firm pink Postmodifier of a pronoun Shall we go to somewhere cool? Postmodifier of a noun I dont mean to make my wife sad token(a) adjective You should abash the Chinese and the Nipponese Complement of a preposition he did non pass back home public treasury late last night. a. raillery ensnare in attribute function When they follow sooner nouns, they draw in the following ready a (adjective) + b (noun) Eg. Barack Obama is a extremely strict president a + b As the character shows, adjective phrases apply in premodification are normally either one news program phrase. When they seminal fluid after nouns, they baring in the following tell apart b (noun) + a (adjective) Eg. I am thirteen years old b + a Anyone intelligent net apply for the job b + a Barack Obama was the president elect. b + a b. Word straddle in predicative function In adjective phrase, an adjective non only occurs in attributive position, it dope to a fault egress in predicative position as subject equilibrize after linking verbs equivalent be, seem, turn out, especially the verbs of odor taste, look, smell, etc. There is a copular simileship among subject and subject complement.The news program say support be get toalized as a (subject) + b (linking verb) + c (adjective) Eg The cake tastes sweet a + b + c Your perfume smells musky a + b + c That harmony sounds good-looking a + b + c She s eems innocent a + b + c I. 2. 2. Word secernate by syntactical functions of Vietnamese Adjective phrases a. Word state in Attributive function In Vietnamese adjective phrases, adjective in the attributive function ofttimes follow the noun they modify according to the coiffe a (noun) + b (adjective) (noun) + b (modifier) + c (adjective) a (noun) + c (adjective) + b (modifier) Eg. local area network da nau c? a co ? y v? n cu? n hut toi = Her brown skin settle down attracts me Do la bu? i sang mai th? t d? p = That is a precise nice too soon morning M? t khi? c vay l? a Ha Dong th? t d? p a + c + b + d M? t ki? c vay c? a Ha Dong b? ng l? a th? t d? p a + b + c + d M? t chi? c vay l? a th? t d? p c? a Ha Dong a + c + d + b M? t chi? c vay th? t d? p b? ng l? a c? Ha Dong a + d + c + b b. Word antitheticaliate in Predicative Function In Vietnamese adjective phrases, adjectives keister without delay function as predicative like verbs and the baffle erect be pointali se as a (subject) + b (adjective) Eg. B? phim th? t hay = The involve was very interesting a + b When Vietnamese adjectives are in the predicative function, they pot combine with the criteria of verbs. These are + aspect-time churchman da, s? , t? ng, con, chua, etc. a (subject) + b (aspect-time maker) + c (head) Eg. Co nongonococcal urethritis? i toc da b? c pho + b + c II. Contrastive analysis of the record order in English adjective with Vietnamese equivalence It is explicit that both English and Vietnamese are uninflected phrases but they belong to polar linguistic typologies. English is an inflectional and analytical language, whereas Vietnamese is a typical single out and non-inflectional language. Therefore, apart from the similarities which do not cause difficulties for learners, there are many differences amid English and Vietnamese adjective phrases and their orders which bunghole cause a variety of problems (errors and confusion) for learners.So, I will go deeply into the differences only and I think relation mightiness be the best way to find out the differences in the news program order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases. The following resemblance will focus on the differences in 1. Word order through and through syntactic functions of adjective phrases 2. Word order in premodification of adjective phrases 3. Word order through basic breaker points of comparison II. 1. Word order through syntactic functions of adjective phrases In terms of main syntactic functions, most English and Vietnamese adjectives stub be utilize both attributively and predicatively.When adjective function attributively, they attribute to a quality or characteristic to what is denoted noun they modify. However, there are differences in the intelligence operation order in the English and Vietnamese adjective phrases through their syntactic functions. II. 1. 1. Word order in Attributive function he is a very generous man Anh ? y la m? t ngu? i hao phong Premod. + N N + postmod. English is a rather difficult subject Ti? ng Anh la m? t mon h? c kha kho Premod. + N N + postmod From the above utilisations, it can be seen that both English and Vietnamese adjective functions as attribute of nouns, i. e. in attributive function, and they do not deepen in signifier to agree with nouns. However, in the attributive function, English adjectives are utilize as premodifier of the noun, i. e. they come before the noun and appear between the determiner and the head of the noun phrase, whereas Vietnamese adjectives share the comparable character in that they ofttimes function as postmodifier, i. . they come after the noun. This is an important difference between the two languages. II. 1. 2Word order in predicative function The following vitrines show the difference in the word order of adjective phrases in predicative function. Eg. Lan is very pretty and intelligent Lan r? t xinh d? p va eyelash minh intense V. Adj. + Adj. Adj. + Adj. I dont like living in the house because it is so Toi khong thich s? ng trong ngoi nha do vi no b? n th? i va t? tammy dirty and dark Adj. + Adj. intensive V. Adj. + Adj. asunder from the attributive function, both English and Vietnamese adjectives can also be utilise predicatively. However, in English, when adjectives function as connote they are used after an intensive verb be. unalike English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives play the predicative role instanter without the linking verb be, i. e. in this function, Vietnamese adjectives are used to complete a convict without any verbs or verb phrase.On the contrary, English adjectives can never function as verbs. In a fourth dimension, they must(prenominal) follow a verb or a verb phrase. Moreover, when we translate from English into Vietnamese, we often meet a large(p) number of disyllabic adjectives in Vietnamese. For modelling xinh xinh x? n (beautiful) kho kho khan (difficult) ch? m ch? m ch? p ( slow) g? n g? n gang (tidy) Generally, these disyllabic adjectives are formed from monosyllabic adjectives. Whether using monosyllabic or disyllabic depends on the habit of the Vietnamese Eg. It is clear that he is quite slow Ro rang r? ng anh ? y kha ch? ch? p The weather makes me feel tired Th? i ti? t lam cho toi c? m th? y m? t m? i Furtherto a greater extent, almost all Vietnamese monosyllabic adjectives can be used repeatedly to diminish the characteristics or levels. And these are typical experiences of Vietnamese adjectives which we do not find in English, for example I felt cold (Toi c? m th? y lanh l? nh). Unlike English adjectives, in Vietnamese, some adjectives can combine with nouns adjective + noun to form the chemical group of read adjectives to fetch the state of the characteristics. For example My let is a very careful and helpful womanM? c? a toi la m? t ngu? i ph? n? c? n th? n va nhi? t tinh These group of intercommunicate language throw nonliteral means and can function as predicate and attribute. Here are some groups of voice communication which are frequently used nong tinh(hot-tempered), d? tinh(easy-going), t? t b? ng(knid-hearted), sang d? (clever), dung c? m (brave), etc. However, when the order of the groups of terminology is inverted, the metaphoric nitty-gritty disappears. Besides, in Vietnamese, the structure ma + adjectives is used to strongly show the objection to an opinion, a remark bonny made by the speaker.This structure is only applied the peers or inferiors Eg. Is Nam really hail-fellow-well-met? Anh Nam ma than thi? n a? Generally, in languages, the positive sentences oblige the positive meaning, but in Vietnamese, when ma precedes adjectives in the sentence, the sentence has the negative meaning. The sentence Anh Nam ma than thi? n a? (Is Nam really friendly? ) means Nam is not friendly Another feature of Vietnamese adjectives which does not exist in English. That is, adjectives that precede ra, len, di l? i to form compound words or the group of words turn into verbs or involve the character of verbs.In Vietnamese, the pattern adjectives + ra/len/ di/l? i is used to express the development of character, state of things or people. When these words combine with adjectives, they often imply the presupposition and have the contrary content, for example when we say Lan d? o nay trong xinh ra. It implies that Lan is more beautiful than before. In Vietnamese, the champion of positive uses the pattern adjective + ra/len. In English, this structure is show by Intensive verb + adjective with the comparative meaning. The creation is becoming warmer Trai d? t dang nong d? len Vintensive + Adj Adj + len II. 1. 3. Word order in premodification of adjective phrases In this section, we will talk about and analyse the differences in the word order in premodification of English and Vietnamese adjective phrases in detail through explanation Eg. I am very beaming to meet you To i r? t vui m? ng du? c g? p anh Intensi. + Adj Intensi. Adj The tigers are very big and gibbet Nh? ng con h? ?y to l? n va hung d? l? m Intensi. + Adj + adj Adj + adj+ Intensi. She is very nervous before each exam Co ? y da qua lo l? ng tru? c m? i k? thi intensive + Adj Intensi. + Adj I am very remorseful and disappointed Toi th? an h? n va th? t v? ng qua Intensifier + Adj + Adj Adj + adj+ Intensi Through the above examples, it should be noted both English and Vietnamese adjectives serve as the head of adjective phrases. Adjective phrases may contain only an adjective as the head, or two components the head and premodifier or the head and postmodifier. twain English and Vietnamese adjectives are premodified in general by adverbs. Generally, premodifiers are intensifiers.In English, they are very, extremely, rather, a bit, quite, etc. and in Vietnamese, they are r? t, r? t la, qua, th? t, c? c k? , hoi, etc. However, there are some differences in the order of the ad verbs denoting classs in the two languages. In English, these adverbs are followed by adjectives while in Vietnamese, they can occur both before and after adjectives. For instance, in Vietnamese, the adverbs r? t, qua, l? m are used to indicate the highest detail of the someoneal or non-personal characteristics and they are the uniform meaning but different in usage.All of them can be translated as very besides, qua, l? m may be translated as too and so in English. These examples also show that the word order of adverbs of degree very in English and r? t r? t la in Vietnamese is the same, i. e. they occur before adjectives. However, very and r? t are often used in written language, whereas r? t la is often used in speak language. But when very is used as l? m or qua, the word order us absolutely different. L? m in Vietnamese must be preceded by adjectives and it is often used in spoken language.Contrary to l? m, the word qua may occur before or after adjectivels in spoken language to express an exclamation. Also c? c k? , tuy? t, th? t may occur before or after adjectives. However, the words qua, c? c k? , tuy? t, th? t often appear after adjectives, therefore, when they are used before adjectives, they are often used with the meaning of emphasis or assessment. Unlike English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives can play the predicative role directly, so they can combine with the aspect-time criteria of the verbs such as da, dang, s? , v? n,c? con and it is a typical feature of Vietnamese. This combination expresses the relation between the characteristics and time. These characteristics are based on the nose out of native speakers and they exist like the form of the state. In short, modifiers da, dang, s? , v? n, c? , con not only express grammatic meaning but also the purpose of the statement and the relation between a speaker and reality. In Vietnamese, in certain situations of the sentence, these meanings will be fareed. Eg. They were very succe ssful H? a r? t thanh cong Vintens. + Intensi. + Adj time-maker + intens. + adj Our country is different now D? t nu? c c? a chung ta da khac xua Vintens.. + Adj time-maker + adj after(prenominal) the wedding, She is very happy Sau l? cu? i, co ? dang r? t h? nh phuc Vintens. + Intensi. + Adj time-maker + adj I hope that you will be comfortable Toi hy v? ng la b? n s? c? m th? y tho? i mai Aux. + Vintens.. + Adj time-maker + adj My wife was still violent V? toi v? n con gi? Vintens.. + Adv + adj time-maker + adj From these, we can see a very remarkable structural difference In English, aspect-time categories are indicated by the forms of the verbs, whereas do not Vietnamese do not have the category of time and the meaning of the time is indicate by supporting words da, dang, s? , v? n, c? , v? n con. In Vietnamese, the predicative function is expressed by the structures da/dang/s? /v? n/c? con/v? n c? /con c? + adjective, but in English this function is expressed by di fferent structures intensive verb(past) + adjective intensive verb( manifest) + adjective, auxiliary + present participle+ adjective auxiliary + be + adjective, intensive verb + still + adjective. II. 1. 4 Word order through basic degree of comparison intimately adjectives in English and Vietnamese can take comparison. These are gradable adjectives and they have three degrees of comparison same degree high(prenominal) degree turn down degree a. The same degree comparisonIn both English and Vietnamese, when we say two things or persons are equal, we use the adjective in the same degree. In english, we use the structure as + adj + as, whereas in Vietnamese, we use some modifiers nhu, b? ng, tuong t? after adjectives in the structure adj + nhu/b? ng/tuong t?. For example My wife is not as beautiful as yours V? toi khong xinh b? ng v? anh My house is as small as your office Nha c? a toi ch? b? ng caravan phong c? anh thoi Nobody can understand me as much as my mother Kho ng ai co th? hi? u toi nhu m? c? b. The higher degree comparison In order to indicate the difference in the word order in the degrees of comparison. First I would give here some examples and their translation into Vietnamese. Hanoi is much more beautiful than Hanoi was Ha N? i ngay nay d? p hon nhi? u Ha N? i tru? c kia Health and happiness are more important than money S? c kho? va h? nh phuc quan tr? ng hon ti? n b? One of the worst diseases which homo have is cancer M? t trong nh? ng can b? nh nguy hi? m nh? t ma loai ngu? i ph? i ch? u la ung thu These examples show that in the higher degree of comparison, English adjectives change their forms. They are indicated by the inflection er or the premodifier more in the comparitive degrees of comparison. We also add the inflection est or the premodifier most to show the superlative degree.We have some particular proposition rules when using er, est, more and most. In contrast, in Vietnamese, in both comparative and superlati ve degrees, modifiers always come after the adjective they modify and adjectives do not change their form in both cases c. The lower degree of comparison When we want to say a person or a thing has less of a quality then the other, we use the comparison of the lower degree. In the lower degree, English adjectives take the modifier less.. then? or can be negated from the equality degree and the lowest degree can be denoted by adding the modifier the least.In the lower degree, on the other hand, Vietnamese adjectives take the modifier kem hon or negative words khong b? ng Khong du? c nhu and the lowest degree can be expressed by the words kem nh? t it nh? t. For example The moving-picture show was less interesting than I anticipate B? phim nay khong hay nhu toi mong d? i less + adj + than khong + adj nhu This city is not as dangerous as others thanh ph? nay khong nguy hi? nhu cac thanh ph? khac not + as + adj + as In Vietnamese, the relation between these modifiers is very co mplicated. For instance, we may distribute b? ng opposite to kem and khong b? ng may replaced by kem. The word hon may have the similar meaning as b? ng when it combines with khong (khong hon). For example Khong co gi quy hon d? c l? p t? do (Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom) Di? m c? a anh ? y khong hon di? m toiDue to the complete semantics of these modifiers we do not have grammatical category relating to the meaning of degrees of comparison of Vietnamese adjectives. In short, in this chapter, we have discussed the major issues relating to the differences in the form, the word order through the syntactic function, the word order in premodification and basic degrees of comparison of English and Vietnamese adjectives. We can say the word order in Vietnamese phrases is much more complicated then that in English adjective phrases because in Vietnamese adjective phrases, more modifiers can occur both before and after the head adjective phrases.The striking diff erence between the English and Vietnamese adjective phrases is in the word order through the attributive and predicative functions. Moreover, Vietnamese adjectives may appear with the modifiers showing aspect-time criteria of verbs which we do not find in English. Besides, in English. we clearly distinguish parts of speech adjectives and adverbs with words denoting manner while in Vietnamese we have only one adjectives. II. 2. Some students super acid mistakes in using adjective phrases English and Vietnamese are quite different languages, so it is impossible to avoid mistake when learners use adjective phrases.The following mistakes can be the most common ones + Learners often put adjectives in the wrong order because of the influence of their mother tongue. As you know both English and Vietnamese adjectives are used to modify nouns, but English adjectives often precede the nouns they modify, whereas Vietnamese adjectives often follow the nouns they modify. That is the reason wh y Vietnamese learners use adjectives incorrectly. + Vietnamese learners often confuse between adjectives which have the -ed and -ing worried/worrying, unbalanced/exciting, etc.They do not know when they have to use -ed adjectives, when they must use -ing ones. For example a boring film or a bored film PART C CONCLUSION This study has analysed, compared the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases. It has analysed the similarities and differences in the arrangement of the words in adjective phrases between two languages based on the basic grammatical structures. By examining the description and comparison of the word order in English adjective phrases with Vietnamese equivalents, this study has shown there are both similarities and differences in the two languages.The most typical similarity is in the structure premodifier + Adj + postmodifier shared by the two languages where the head of the adjective phrases is in the centre of the phrase and around it there may be modifiers premodifier and postmodifier, but they are optional. The basic differences in the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases are seeming to cause many problems in understanding, expressing ideas and translation. So much attention should be give to the differences in teaching adjective phrases to Vietnamese learners. -The end- REFERENCES 1. Aarts. F. & Aart,J. , (1982) English syntactic structures. Oxford Pergamon wish 2. Alexander,L. G. (1992). Longman English Grammar. EssexLongman 3. Ban, Diep Quang (1998) Ng? Phap ti? ng Vi? t. Ha N? i Nha xu? t b? n Giao d? c 4. Fisiak,J. (1981) Contrastive analysis and language teacher. Oxford Oxford Pergamon Institute of English 5. M? nh, Tr? n H? u. (2000). A guide to University grammar of English. Ha N? i D? i h? c M?. 6. Quirk,R et al. (1973). A University Grammar of English. Essex Longman ADJECTIVE PHRA SE Pre-modifier(s) Adjective Postmodifier (s)