Case – Unilever

This meant that each subsidiary was responsible for production, marketing, sales, and dilutions of their own products. Milliner felt that by allowing each subsidiary to be accountable for Its own performance would strengthen the overall company structure. Managers were able to develop their own marketing strategies to match their clients and region. By the mid-asses, Milliner fell into issues of cost, global brand expansion, and product release. With the current decentralization structure, Milliner determined that there was too much duplications, a lack of scales economies, and overall too high of costs.In 1 996, Milliner set forth with a new structure strategy based on regional business groups. These groups were introduced in order to drive down operating costs and speed up the process of introducing and developing new products/brands. For example, Lever Europe (one of these regional business groups) would consolidate all detergents in Europe, which proved to reduce production costs and speed. With this new structure, new costs of transportation and storage would need to be taken into account. However, this new strategy did Identify costs, but also Increased uniform ranging In packaging and advertising for unlived.With this change. Statistics suggest Milliner saved an estimated $400 million a year from just this change in the European detergent structure. By 2000, Milliner was still a step behind the competition. Milliner decided to cut brands and develop more centralized or global divisions. The development of the food division and home & personal care division allowed a global branding focus and unification. Not losing the importance of Individual preferences and differences, Milliner added region business as headquarters of a larger area.In the mid-asses, Milliner was attempting to build a unified brand, reduce production costs, and eliminate production lag time by introducing a new structure based on regional business groups. Milliner needed to change from Its previous decentralized business model because It would not keep up with a rapidly changing competitive market environment. Success from competitors such as Nestle and Procter &: Gamble allowed Milliner to see their faults. Duplication in manufacturing, lack of scale economies, and overall high costs left Milliner behind its competition.For example, with 17 different European operations it would take four to five years togged all 17 groups to launch/adopt a new product. This significant lag time left Milliner behind and struggling to develop any market share for its product. For these four to five years, competitors were rolling out different variations of these structure was a number of divisions focused on a different but specific category of products. These groups coordinated the activities of national subsidiaries to decrease costs and increase the speed of development, production, and implementation.By doing so, individual subsidiary companies let go of autonomy to execu te a unified Milliner strategy. One key aspect was the decrease in production costs. Jeans (2011) helps to expand our view on the total cost of production that Milliner was initially battling from 17 different groups. Total cost includes: setup cost for production, reordering and processing costs, quality costs from lack of quality and product defects, product shortage costs, material costs, and carrying costs Nonage, 2011). All of these costs, multiplied by 17, were hurting the bottom line for Milliner n Europe alone.The new structure identified this and cut manufacturing from ten plants down to one or two. This eliminated the size of the many discussed costs and allowed product sizing and packaging to generate uniform brand recognition. The movement toward this business group model saw big gains, as an estimated $400 million was saved in the European detergent operations alone. REFERENCES: Jeans, A. (2011). Economic production order quantity and quality. International journal Of p roduction Research, 49(6), 1753-1783. Don. 1080/00207540903555528Although Milliner saw financial success in its business group structure, it still lagged behind its main competitors. This structure failed to answer all of Milliner's issues by remaining to different organizational and too expansive in its product mix. To answer these issues, Milliner changed its model again toward a global structure. In some ways even with the business group structure, Milliner was still dealing with 17 different subsidiaries in Europe and various amounts in different countries around the world. There was no global division that stressed/organized similarity across the lobe.From this, timing issues and brand reputation was unable to translate world- wide. Milliner acknowledged this fact by the early asses and developed two global product divisions: food and home ; personal care. These were developed to centralize their company and vision. The second issue was Milliner's over extensive brands. With ov er 1,600 different brands it was difficult and costly to be competitive in any one certain area. They needed to think about quality over quantity in order to focus efforts on developing, manufacturing, and marketing for their most profitable brands.

Bibliography for History of Fashion

Bibliography Ribeiro, A. , 1995. The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France in 1750 to 1820. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Tarrant, N. , 1994. The Development of Costume. London: Routledge Ribeiro, Aileen, 1983. A Visual History of Costume: The Eighteenth Century. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd. Cunnington, C. Willett, & Cunnington, P, 1972 Revised, A Handbook of English Costume in the 18th Century, Page 14, Northampton: John Dickens & Co. Ltd. Page 32 Kalinsky, N. , 1995. Gainsborough. London: Phaidon Press Ltd. Hayes, J. , 1975.Gainsborough: Paintings and Drawings. London: Phaidon Press Ltd. Solkin, D. H. , 2001. Art on the Line – The Royal Academy Exhibitions at Somerset House 1780 – 1836. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Contini, M. , Laver, J. , Ironside, J. , 1965. Fashion: From Ancient Egypt to the Present Day. London: Paul Hamlyn Ltd. Carter, E. , 1977. The Changing World of Fashion. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Koda, H. , 2003. God dess: The Classical Mode. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wendors, R. , 1996.Sir Joshua Reynolds: The Painter in Society. Harvard University Press, National Portrait Gallery Publications. Steegman, J. , 1933. Sir Joshua Reynolds. London & Southampton: The Camelot Press Ltd. Penny, N. , 1986. Reynolds. Royal Academy of Arts, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Rosenthal, M. , 1999. The Art of Thomas Gainsborough. New Haven: Yale University. Rosenthal, M. , Myrone, M. , 2002. Gainsborough. London: Tate Publishing. Colley, L. , 1986. The Politics of Eighteenth Century British History, Page 359, in The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct. , 1986, USA: University of Chicago Press. Levy, J. S. 1981. Alliance Formation and War Behavior: An Analysis of the Great Powers, 1495-1975, in The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 25, No. 4, Dec. , 1981 Burnaby, W. 1700. The Reform’d Wife. London: Thomas Bennett. Langford, P. , 1992. A Polite a nd Commercial People: England 1727 – 1783 (New Oxford History of England) Clarenden Press. ————————————————- Top of Form Bottom of Form1853, Sir Joshua Reynolds. In The Illustrated Magazine of Art.Vol. 1, No. 3, 1853. Warner, M. , 1989. The Sources and Meaning of Reynolds's â€Å"Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces†, in Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1989 Francis, J. , 2002. The Three Graces: Composition and Meaning in a Roman Context, in Greece and Rome, Second Series, Vol. 49, No. 2. Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity. Ed. Martin Postle. London: Tate Publishing, 2005. Anawalt, P. R. , 2007. The Worldwide History of Dress. New York, New York: Thames ; Hudson Inc.Buchanan, L. , 2007. Sarah Siddons and Her Place in Rhetorical History, in Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric. Vol. 25. , No. 4. Autumn 2007. U niversity of California Press. McPherson, H. , 2000. Picturing Tragedy: Mrs Siddons as the Tragic Muse Revisited, in Eighteenth Century Studies. Vol. 33. , No. 3. , Spring 2000. The Johns Hopkins University Press Weinsheime. J. , 1978. Mrs. Siddons, the Tragic Muse, and the Problem of as in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Critic. Vol. 36. No. 3. Spring 1978

Government Intervention at Boeing and Airbus Case Study

Government Intervention at Boeing and Airbus - Case Study Example Globalization led to the cross-border free flow of capital, labor, information and other resources. Countries began to realize that the only way to reap the fruits of comparative advantage was to compete internationally. FDIs and generation of government revenues were common results of international business in technology intensive areas (page 33) (Cavusgil, Knight, & Reisenberger, 2012) and, thus, the collaboration of various European governments in this respect can be attributed to this reasoning. The major reason behind Boeing’s complains is that the provision of subsidies by the EU government to its competitor Airbus is preventing both the companies to compete on equal footing. It is seen as an unfair trade practice by the U.S, although, the case reflects that the country itself is offering protection to its airline Boeing, albeit, in a different way. Thus, although the U.S government is not providing outright subsidies to Boeing, it is still protecting its business by bes towing it with military contracts. The key elements highlighted in the case are those of intervention through provision of subsidies, development of infrastructure, tax rebates and strategic national contracts. Part of the explanation underlying government support for Airbus is grounded in the democratic socialism political system of the EU. As learnt in the text, this form of system called social democracy is characterized by government intervention in private enterprises and in business activities.... To this extent, as pointed out in the case study, the governments of various EU countries including the French, German, Spanish and British governments have embarked on a mission to enhance the international competitiveness of its national airline, Airbus, through the provision of subsidies primarily. A major implication of globalization has been that in the midst of cut-throat competition, companies often find themselves competing on costs. The text also supports the fact that the costs of doing business are relatively higher in the EU which is largely because of high corporate taxes (page 178) (Cavusgil, Knight, & Reisenberger, 2012). This is a major reason behind the government rationale to support Airbus financially. To this extent that the cost of capital in EU is higher than that in U.S, the government’s intervention in Airbus’s operations is justified. The defensive rationale of government intervention manifests itself along these lines of thinking by claiming th at protection of the national economy is a major factor behind government intervention (page 204) (Cavusgil, Knight, & Reisenberger, 2012). The offensive rationale is also applicable here, since one of the major reasons for government intervention in the case of Airbus was to protect the infant industry that could not compete effectively with the two giants (Mac Douglas and Boeing) and the creation of tax revenues. Also one of the fundamental justifications for the same was the generation of jobs and employment opportunities that were created once Airbus had its operations all over Europe (Cavusgil, Knight, & Reisenberger, 2012). Furthermore, this move of European governments to support Airbus and make it

Neanderthal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Neanderthal - Essay Example They also used arrow and spear to capture animal for food. Neanderthals used to hunt in small groups through surrounding the intended prey. During that time, they had the capacity of identifying the best animal for their consumption. They substantiated the meat they hunted with other natural roots and leaves. Women and other weaker members of the society also used to gather fruits to be consumed together with the hunted meats (Mason 78). Neanderthals make stone tools. However, this was during their old period of their emergence. Some of the stone tools made were used for slaughtering animals, digging, construction of their dwelling areas, and for other house hold activities. Stone tools were made by qualified member of the society. These specialists were among the most respected members of the society. As time move on, Neanderthals adopted other forms of tools. They came up with other tools which were more appropriate at that time. Some of the common tools at that time were stone flakes and all-purpose scrappers. These tools were used for all purpose of work in the society. During the upper Paleolithic, more tools were made from different materials and in different forms. The need for more specialist and tools for specific purpose necessitated the process. Craftsmen at this time also had specialist knowledge to make special tools from different materials. Some of the material which was used to make tools was bones, antlers, and some other right metals (McMullin 89). Neanderthal also used fire in their daily activities. At their early periods of their existence, Neanderthals were not aware of the existence of fire. They consumed raw meats, leaves and fruits. However, during their advanced ages of their existence, they developed the idea of the existence and use of fire. Neanderthals used fire in different facets of their lives. During this stage, they used fire to roast meat. They also used fire to warm their bodies at night and during cold seasons.

New strategic plan summary for CBP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

New strategic plan summary for CBP - Essay Example However, the current enforcement policy presumes that all goods and all travellers are guilty until such time as they prove otherwise. Thus clearance at US borders is based on interrogations and inspections that are quite often unnecessary. In this regard, resources are being wasted on legitimate goods and legitimate travellers when those resources would be better spent inspecting and interrogating unlawful goods, unauthorized travellers and security threats whether in the form of persons or goods. It is also believed that CBP’s community engagement initiatives are far too institutional and does not devote enough resources and time to forging relationships with the community. There is a need for CBP to actively engage members of the community as a means of ensuring that they build a sense of confidence in the CBP’s mission and goals and support it. There is a need to change the current practice of communicating what CBP is doing and what CBP has done or will do in terms of keeping US borders safe. While there is a need to continue to reassure the public via transparency via communication, there is also a need to open up the lines of communication so that CBP gets information from the community. The community provides a rich source of information relative to where illegal immigrants, international criminals and terrorists and contraband originate from and where they go once they enter the US. The strategic plan in this report therefore proposes to reconceptualise customs and border patrol with a view to changing the enforcement-focused approach to border security. While enforcement is always necessary it is not the only method for keeping US borders safe. When time and resources are managed more appropriately US borders will be safer. Thus the strategic plan suggests training officers to identify more accurately travellers and goods that are candidates for quick clearance so that CBP officers can direct their attention to the more serious security risks. Therefore the strategic plan calls for a dual strategy: accommodating legitimate travellers and lawful goods; enforcement and deterrence of unlawful travellers, criminals and terrorists. The strategic plan also calls for training agents and officers to be more capable of recognizing and responding to security threats in instances where travellers or goods are legitimate and should be cleared for entry. There are cases where a traveller has the requisite travel documents but is entering the US for criminal or terrorist reasons. Rather than inspecting all visitors and going on what amounts to a fishing expedition, officers should be specifically trained to know when it is appropriate to interrogate a traveller or conduct a more invasive search of goods. The strategic plan also calls for assigning agents to community relations and this involves maintaining a tip line for receiving anonymous tips from members of the public. It is important that members of the community feel invol ved in the security process as they will be more inclined to cooperate and to share important information with the CBP. Members of the public can help CBP direct its resources properly by providing information about where contraband originates and where criminals and illegals go when they enter the US or how they get to the US when they are not cleared at the

Resume For A Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resume For A Job - Essay Example My success earned me inclusion on the team attending IAAPA to give input based on this market research to the team responsible for negotiating and closing the purchases of hundreds of gaming machines. With this experience, I gained the know-how for creating an effective marketing strategy and also managed to find out what the next big arcade game was. During summer 2012 I obtained an AA degree in Business and CIS in addition to the Magna Cum Laude honor and Phi Theta Kappa Recognition. I continued my education for a Bachelors degree of Science in Business at John Hopkins University. Throughout my studies, I devoted my time to studying American politics, business, and culture. I took the time to broaden my marketing knowledge, learn about information technology in business, improved my communication abilities and learned how to relate electronic tools to business. I can use these skills to assist me in my next position. In the summer of 2011, I volunteered at Silicon Valley Home Owner to assist the impoverished in applying to own a house. I also interviewed many people and gave out food stamps where the situation required it. I had to talk with close to 50 people each day. Because of the constant work, I had to manage my time so that I could help out each person who needed it. During high school, I was the president of the student body government. One of my duties was to preside over the weekly meeting. I also managed yearly events such as competitions to do with sports, education, and environmental concerns. Furthermore, I was the President of UNICEF at De Anza College. I held charity competitions for basketball and soccer in and around the Bay area. I managed to raise $5,000 and then I donated it to UNICEF. I believe that these experiences, as the president of a big organization, extended my abilities. I was able to overcome the expectations that were placed on me by creating a conducive environment where it was easy to achieve goals.

Cold War and American Contribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cold War and American Contribution - Essay Example The war had come just as the US was facing one of the greatest economic challenges ever. It had come from a great recession. The conflict that resulted spurred some economic growth. In retrospect, it led to new opportunities. The economy of the US bounced back. In addition, the country received immigrants from other nations. This was the period that saw the passing of the employment of the employment act. This was under the leadership of Truman. However, an economic uncertainty was to follow after the boom. This was expected since the economy during the cold war had not been based on the fundamentals aspects but sentimental factors. This was one of the effects of the Second World War. It divided East Germany and Berlin from the West of Berlin. Basically, the East part of German fronted different ideologies from the West in terms of political governance. The West divide was accused of harboring Nazi-like ideologies. The East fronted what was perceived to communism. The west fronted li beralism. This conflict led the east to construct the wall around Berlin. They even had watchtowers around it. The wall was later to be brought down after the collapse of communism. The war in Korea had a direct relevance to the cold war. It pitted communism against democracy. Communist thoughts were propagated by USSR together with China. Democracy was an idea of the US. South Korea adopted democracy. However, the north was a communist state which was an ally of the USSR and China. The political rift between the two neighboring states almost led to war. The tensions have been imminent even in recent times. The nuclear and arms threat at the time of the cold war led to exclusion of the North from world trades. The South prospered so much due to its open policy and promotion of liberalism. It has been argued that the period of the cold war affected North Korea the most. The country is yet to recover from the effects of the war. Question 2 Three essay questions What were the consequences of the cold war on the economic prospects of the world? What led to the end of the world cold war? Did the cold war influence the current political alignment in the world? The consequences of the Cold War on the economics prospects of the world The period of the cold war was characterized by imminent economic implications. The trade sanctions that were part of the war had dire consequences on selected economies. At the time, there are

Goldman Sachs Fraud Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Goldman Sachs Fraud Case - Research Paper Example Goldman Sachs Fraud Case Introduction Goldman Sachs defrauded investors by failing to reveal the apparent conflict of interest on mortgage investment it floated as the housing market became sour. The charges that were brought forward by the Securities Exchange Commission against Goldman Sachs argued for unlawful action and fraud in the trading of toxic subprime mortgage derivative securities. Nevertheless, Goldman Sachs affirmed that they were merely following normal business practices and had not committed any wrong. The Goldman Sachs fraud case elicited critical issues centering on the inadequacy of the investment banking practices, and raised the question whether it is a case of deceptive or unethical behavior (Craig & Scannell, 2010). The three-month legal ordeal erased close to $20billion of the firm’s stock-market value. A lively public discussion that followed the charge of Goldman Sachs by SEC centered on whether Goldman Sachs, broadly viewed as an embodiment of bubble -era greed, was also a lawbreaker. Questions emanated on whether Goldman bankers warranted condemnation for deliberately exploiting the naivety of investors to gain from the trading of debt instruments that were bets on a market Goldman Sachs was doomed to collapse (Whalen & Bhala, 2011). Although the transaction entailed in the SEC’s lawsuit can be regarded as small by Goldman Sachs’ standards, its arrangement alludes to weighty questions regarding the fault of the banks in driving up a market within mortgage-derived securities that lingered practically inclined to self-destruction (Buell, 2011). The SEC was asking whether Goldman Sachs gained from both sides in a way that contravened their fiduciary obligation to their customers. The SEC claimed that investors essentially lost over $1billion dollars and that Paulson’s short option debt instrument on the credit instrument derived a profit of more than $1billion (Jones, 2010). Email traffic pointed out that Tour re plus others were aware of the subprime mishap as early as January 2007 before the crisis became full blown. The SEC sought a restriction, disgorgement of profits, and sanctions with regard to interest and civil monetary penalties (Craig & Scannell, 2010). In addition to these charges, criminal prosecutors were exploring whether Goldman Sachs or its employees committed securities fraud with regard to the firm’s mortgage trading. #1 The Fraud Goldman’s case entailed four forms of securities that all played some roles amid the 2008 financial downturn: first, the residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) embodying a form of security derived from pooling of mortgages on residential real-estate into bonds; a credit-default swap (CDS) representing a form of insurance policy; a collateralized debt obligation (CDO) representing a debt security collateralized by debt obligation; and, synthetic CDO’s (SCDOs) equivalent to ordinary to ordinary CDOs excluding that inv estors own CDOs on real securities rather than the real securities themselves. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed a civil fraud charge against Goldman Sachs & Co, as well its vice presidents for fraud for misrepresenting information meant for investors by misstating key facts regarding a financial product connected to subprime mortgages at a moment when the housing market within the United States started to crumble and lose value (Buell, 2011).  

All About My Mother (Pedro Almodovar, 1999) and The Idiots (Lars Von Essay

All About My Mother (Pedro Almodovar, 1999) and The Idiots (Lars Von Trier, 1998). Compare and contrast how these two movies rep - Essay Example A film can depict what are the morals of the country and what is going on at the moment, and what cultural issues are being addressed by the common public of that nation. As Mohandas Gandhi has said â€Å"A nation's culture resides in the hearts and the soul of its people† (Wederspahn 32). Film is an appropriate medium to portray culture of a nation. Two movies from the European region have been chosen to be compared about how art can depict a nation’s culture, identity and past. First movie All About My Mother (1999) revolves around the norms of Spain where as the second one The Idiots (1998) revolves around the regions of Denmark and Scandinavia. As it is very important to first summarize the whole plot on which the two movies are based upon, a brief summary together with points that have been highlighted in these movies. All About My Mother (Pedro Almodovar, 1999) Summary The main actors in this film are Cecelia Roth and Penelope Cruz. The story starts with a woman n amed Manuela i.e. Cecelia Roth, who is a single parent and a â€Å"medical transplant coordinator†, taking care of his son who is 17 years old named Esteban. She takes him to attend a stage performance on "A Streetcar Named Desire." When the show ended Esbteban expressed the desire to meet his favorite actress, â€Å"Huma Rojo†`, so that he could get her autograph, but as he was going towards his favorite actress a terrible accident happens, Esteban gets hit by a car and is killed, this was the most devastating point of Manuela’s life. In bereavement, for placing her life back in order, Manuela wanted to do certain things which she should have done a long time ago, in which the first thing that she includes is a journey to Barcelona to enlighten the boy's unknowing father about the loss. Later the father, named Lola, was found to be an â€Å"HIV-positive transvestite†. As the story unfolds it is also shown that Manuela runs into an old acquaintance called Agrado, a transsexual who was unexpectedly appointed as Huma Rojo’s personal assistant; the star Esteban had always admired and helps administer her co-actor and lover Nina. Manuela also happened to meet Sister Maria, a young nun role performed by Penelope Cruz in the movie, who works in a nonprofit organization, that helps battered prostitutes, and intends to visit El Salvador, but soon discovers that she is pregnant. Sister Maria came to know that she has also been contaminated with AIDS; Cecilia makes a decision to help the nun by letting her stay in her home. Points About national identity and national past The points which have been highlighted in this movie, that depict the nature of the past and identity of Spain, are as follows (smith 28-30): anti-government strikes the celebration of democracy the spread of AIDS Manuela’s journey in search of herself identifies a great number of things which can be also identified as the national marks of Spain and at the det erritorialized frontier of national identity and sexuality. Manuela finds that a transvestite can bring a lot of things together because he is neither from here nor from anywhere else, he is somebody in between and could help things to reconnect, especially the masculine and feminine sense together. Here, the best

No city in the world has been designed for and by the automobile as Essay

No city in the world has been designed for and by the automobile as has Los Angeles - Essay Example Seemingly, the nature and design of its city has adopted similar trends. To a large extent, its distinctive features are reflective of the auto-culture that the respective society has assumed. To begin with, the land use practices in the city of Los Angeles underscore the fact that the locals place great emphasis on the use of vehicles. In this respect, Bottles indicates that the central business district of Los Angeles has allocated up to 79% of its total area to packing facilities, garages and streets (Bottles 33). These facilities imply that a significant percentage of the inhabitants use vehicles. The sidewalks on the other hand have shrunk significantly as very few pedestrians use them. Certainly, the high use of automobiles greatly influences the urban land use decisions that are developed, implemented and enforced by the relevant authorities. Another indicator of automobile dominance in Los Angeles pertains to the increase of traffic congestion in the region. Transport and urban reports of this nation cite traffic congestion as one of the main problems that Los Angeles is currently grappling with. Although intervention measures such as improvement and expansion of the road system network have been undertaken in the recent past, the problem still persists. Relevant authorities are still taking measures to address this issue through construction of more freeways. Comparatively, these require less space than the current road network structure. The emergence and flourishing of relative automobile industries is also indicative of increasing dominance of the automobile culture. In this respect, Bottles indicates that gas stations have increased significantly, repair and auto parts stores and several other automobile dealership has increased (Bottles 47). This trend ascertains that the population greatly values the automobile. These seek to respond to the increasing and changing needs of the users. To a great extent, this also seeks to offer new

Crevecoeur Letter What is an American Essay Example for Free

Crevecoeur Letter What is an American Essay Discussion question: What, to Crà ¨vecoeur, are  the differences between a European subject and an American citizen? I WISH I could be acquainted with the feelings and thoughts which must agitate the heart and present themselves to the mind of an enlightened Englishman, when he first lands on this continent. He must greatly rejoice that he lived at a time to see this fair country discovered and settled; he must necessarily feel a share of national pride, when he views the chain of settlements which embellishes these extended shores. When he says to himself, this is the work of my countrymen, who, when convulsed by factions, afflicted by a variety of miseries and wants, restless and impatient, took refuge here. They brought along with them their national genius, to which they principally owe what liberty they enjoy, and what substance they possess. Here he sees the industry of his native country displayed in a new manner, and traces in their works the embryos of all the arts, sciences, and ingenuity which flourish in Europe. Here he beholds fair cities, substantial villages, extensive fields, an immense country filled with decent houses, good roads, orchards, meadows, and bridges, where an hundred years ago all was wild, woody and uncultivated!†¦. He is arrived on a new continent; a modern society offers itself to his contemplation, different from what he had hitherto seen. It is not composed, as in Europe, of great lords who possess every thing and of a herd of people who have nothing. Here are no aristocratic families, no courts, no kings, no bishops, no ecclesiastical dominion, no invisible power giving to a few a very visible one; no great manufacturers employing thousands, no great refinements of luxury. The rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe. Some few towns excepted, we are all tillers of the earth, from Nova Scotia to West Florida. We are a people of cultivators, scattered over an immense territory communicating with each other by means of good roads and navigable rivers, united by the silken bands of mild government, all respecting the laws, without dreading their power, because they are equitable. We are all animated with the spirit of an industry which is unfettered and unrestrained, because each person works for himself. If he travels through our rural districts he views not the hostile castle, and the haughty mansion, contrasted with the clay-built hut and miserable cabin, where cattle and men help to keep each other warm, and dwell in meanness, smoke, and indigence. A pleasing uniformity of decent competence appears throughout our habitations. The meanest of our loghouses is a dry and comfortable habitation. Lawyer or merchant are the fairest titles our towns afford; that of a farmer is the only appellation of the rural inhabitants of our country. It must take some time here (before) he can reconcile himself to our dictionary, which is but short in words of dignity, and names of honour†¦.. We have no princes, for whom we toil, starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world. Here man is free; as he ought to be; nor is this pleasing equality so transitory as many others are. Many ages will not see the shores of our great lakes replenished with inland nations, nor the unknown bounds of North America  entirely peopled. Who can tell how far it extends? Who can tell the millions of men whom it will feed and contain? for no European foot has as yet traveled half the extent of this mighty continent! The next wish of this traveler will be to know whence came all these people? they are mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, and Swedes. From this promiscuous breed, that race now called Americans have arisen. The eastern provinces must indeed be excepted, as being the unmixed descendants of Englishmen. I have heard many wish that they had been more intermixed also: for my part, I am no wisher, and think it much better as it has happened†¦.. I know it is fashionable to reflect on them, but I respect them for what they have done; for the accuracy and wisdom with which they have settled their territory; for the decency of their manners; for their  early love of letters; their ancient college, the first in this hemisphere; for their industry; which to me who am but a farmer, is the criterion of everything. There never was a people, situated as they are, who with so ungrateful a soil have done more in so short a time†¦.. In this great American asylum, the poor of Europe have by some means met together, and in consequence of various causes; to what purpose should they ask one another what countrymen they are? Alas, two thirds of them had no country. Can a wretch who wanders about, who works and starves, whose life is a continual scene of sore affliction or pinching penury; can that man call England or any other kingdom his country? A country that had no bread for him, whose fields procured him no harvest, who met with nothing but the frowns of the rich, the severity of the laws, with jails and punishments; who owned not a single foot of the extensive surface of this planet? No! urged by a variety of motives, here they came. Every thing has tended to regenerate them; new laws, a new mode of living, a new social system; here they are become men: in Europe they were as so many useless plants, wanting vegitative mould, and refreshing showers; they withered, and were mowed down by want, hunger, and war; bu t now by the power of transplantation, like all other plants they have taken root and flourished! Formerly they were not numbered in any civil lists of their country, except in those of the poor; here they rank as citizens. By what invisible power has this surprising metamorphosis been performed? By that of the laws and that of their industry. The laws, the indulgent laws, protect them as they arrive, stamping on them the symbol of adoption; they receive ample rewards for their labours; these accumulated rewards procure them lands; those lands confer on them the title of freemen, and to that title every benefit is affixed which men can possibly require. This is the great operation daily performed by our laws. From whence proceed these laws? From our government. Whence the government? It is derived from the original genius and strong desire of the people ratified and confirmed by the crown. This is the great chain which links us all †¦.. What attachment can a poor European emigrant have for a country where he had nothing? The knowledge of the language, the love of a few kindred as poor as  himself, were the only cords that tied him: his country is now that which gives him land, bread, protection, and consequence†¦..What then is the American, this new man? He is either an European, or the descendant of an European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient  prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. He becomes an American by being received in the broad lap of our great Alma Mater. Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labours and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. Americans are the western pilgrims, who are carrying along with them that great mass of arts, sciences, vigour, and industry which began long since in the east; they will finish the great circle. The Americans were once scattered all over Europe; here they are incorporated into one of the finest systems of population which has ever appeared, and which will hereafter become distinct by the power of the different climates they inhabit. The American ought therefore to love this country much better than that wherein either he or his forefathers were born. Here the rewards of his industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labour; his labour is founded on the basis of nature, self-interest; can it want a stronger allurement? Wives and children, who before in vain demanded of him a morsel of bread, now, fat and frolicsome, gladly help their father to clear those fields whence exuberant crops are to arise to feed and to clothe them all; without any part being claimed, either by a despotic prince, a rich abbot, or a mighty lord. I lord religion demands but little of him; a small voluntary salary to the minister, and gratitude to God; can he refuse these? The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions†¦..This is an American.  (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..)Men are like plants; the goodness and flavour of the fruit proceeds from the peculiar soil and exposition in which they grow. We are nothing but what we derive from the air we breathe, the climate we inhabit, the government we obey, the system of religion we profess, and the nature of our employment. Here you will find but few crimes; these have acquired as yet no root among us. I wish I were able to trace all my ideas; if my ignorance prevents me from describing them properly, I hope I shall be able to delineate a few of the outlines, which are all I propose. Those who live near the sea, feed more on fish than on flesh, and often encounter that boisterous element. This renders them more bold and enterprising; this leads them to neglect the confined occupations of the land. They see and converse with a variety of people; their intercourse with mankind becomes extensive. The sea inspires them with a love of traffic, a desire of transporting produce from one place to another; and leads them to a variety of resources which supply the place of labour. Those who inhabit the middle settlements, by far the most numerous, must be very different; the simple cultivation of the earth purifies them, but the indulgences of the government, the soft remonstrances of religion, the rank of independent freeholders, must necessarily inspire them with sentiments, very little known in Europe among people of the same class. What do I say? Europe has no such class of men; the early knowledge they acquire, the early bargains they make, give them a great degree of sagacity. As freemen they will be litigious; pride and obstinacy are often the cause of law suits; the nature of our laws and governments may be another. As citizens it is easy to imagine, that they will carefully read the newspapers, enter into every political disquisition, freely blame or censure governors and others. As farmers they will be careful and anxious to get as much as they can, because what they get is their own. As northern men they will love the cheerful cup. As Christians, religion curbs them not in their opinions; the general indulgence leaves every one to  think for themselves in spiritual matters; the laws inspect our actions, our  thoughts are left to God. Industry, good living, selfishness, litigiousness, country politics, the pride of freemen, religious indifference, are their characteristics. If you recede still farther from the sea, you will come into more modern settlements; they exhibit the same strong lineaments, in a ruder appearance. Religion seems to have still less influence, and their manners are less improved. Now we arrive near the great woods, near the last inhabited districts; there men seem to be placed still farther beyond the reach of government, which in some measure leaves them to themselves. How can it pervade every corner; as they were driven there by misfortunes, necessity of beginnings, desire of acquiring large tracks of land, idleness, frequent want of economy, ancient debts; the re-union of such people does not afford a very pleasing spectacle. When discord, want of unity and friendship; when either drunkenness or idleness prevail in such remote districts; contention, inactivity, and wretchedness must ensue. There are not the same remedies to these evils as in a long established community. The few magistrates they have, are in general little better than the rest; they are often in a perfect state of war; that of man against man, sometimes decided by blows, sometimes by means of the law; that of man against every wild inhabitant of these venerable woods, of which they are com e to dispossess them. There men appear to be no better than carnivorous animals of a superior rank, living on the flesh of wild animals when they can catch them, and when they are not able, they subsist on grain. He who wish to see America in its proper light, and have a true idea of its feeble beginnings barbarous rudiments, must visit our extended line of frontiers where the last settlers dwell, and where he may see the first labours of the mode of clearing the earth, in their different appearances; where men are wholly left dependent on their native tempers, and on the spur of uncertain industry, which often fails when not sanctified by the efficacy of a few moral rules. There, remote from the power of example, and check of shame, many families exhibit the most hideous parts of our society†¦..(But after ten or twelve years) prosperity will polish some, vice and the law will drive off the rest, who uniting again with others like themselves will recede still farther; making room for more industrious people, who will finish their improvements, convert the  loghouse into a convenient habitation, and rejoicing that the first heavy labours are finished, will change in a few years that hit herto barbarous country into a fine fertile, well regulated district. Such is our progress, such is the march of the Europeans toward the interior parts of this continent. In all societies there are off-casts; this impure part serves as our precursors or pioneers; my father himself was one of that class, but he came upon honest principles, and was therefore one of the few who held fast; by good conduct and temperance, he transmitted to me his fair inheritance, when not above one in fourteen of his contemporaries had the same good fortune†¦. Exclusive of those general characteristics, each province has its own, founded on the government, climate, mode of husbandry, customs, and peculiarity of circumstances. Europeans submit insensibly to these great powers, and become, in the course of a few generations, not only Americans in general, but either Pennsylvanians, Virginians, or provincials under some other name. Whoever traverses the continent must easily observe those strong differences, which will grow more evident in time. The inhabitants of Canada, Massachusetts, the middle provinces, the southern ones will be as different as their climates; thei r only points of unity will be those of religion and language.

Kondracke and Vidal Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Kondracke and Vidal Evaluation Essay In the article, â€Å"Don’t Legalize Drugs† by Morton M. Kondracke, writes on the pros and cons of the legalization of drugs in a convincing way to help the reader understand the ultimate downfall of our society if the legalization of drugs does come into effect. His convincing tone is brought together by his logical, outside resources, and predictions from credible doctors. His use of pathos also helps the reader have a deeper understanding of the serious problems of legalizing drugs. As Kondracke states in the beginning, â€Å" if the advocates of legalized drugs do have their way†¦there will also be more unpublicized fatal and maiming crashes, more job accidents, more child neglect, more of almost everything associated with substance abuse: babies born addicted or retarded..† hoping to touch the hearts of the many. Kondracke uses outside resources such as Dr. Robert DuPont who is the former director of the National Institutes of Drug Abuse and his predictions to help further his argument and give credibility. Not only does he share with the reader outside sources and studies, but he mentions many examples by comparing the predictions of legalizing drugs and the actual result of alcohol in America and what effects it would have on our society if alcohol has already done so much to change America. The only real flaw I see with this article is that it is old and much in our society has changed. In the article, â€Å"Drugs: Case for Legalizing Marijuana† by Gore Vidal, his case for the legalization of marijuana is not quite convincing enough to even call it a case. Nothing in his article seems to be believable because he uses no real statistics except for his own when he says, â€Å"†¦I have tried—once—almost every drug and liked none disproving the popular Fu Manchu theory that a single whiff of opium will enslave the mind.† which doesn’t help his case at all seeing that he could have made up that side story on the spot. Not only does he share no real believable evidence, but the article is also over forty years old and things have definitely changed. The seriousness of this article is not well developed enough which gives the reader more of a laugh than deep thinking reasoning.

Comparison Between Manufacturing Company and Service Company

Comparison Between Manufacturing Company and Service Company I am going to analyze and discuses on behalf of manufacturing industry (ALKEM LABORATORIES) and service company (WALMART) on the basis of different operations and functions. ALKEM LABORATORIES is INDIA based pharmaceuticals manufacturing company which formulate different types of medicines. it is rated the No 2nd company in the overall antibacterial segment, No.1st in cephalosporin formulation and No.3rd in over all Indian market. Alkem laboratories operates different operations like process design (arranging the stores layout to give smooth and effective flow of customers), product design (designing stylist products that can be flat packed efficiently), job design (making sure that all staff can contribute to the companys success), supply design (locating stores of an appropriate size in the most effective place), etc during manufacturing process as well as other operations. Alkem has many customers in domestic markets (India) and international market (Kenya, Nigeria, south Africa, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Mongolia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Yemen, America, Eurasia, etc.) TRANSFORMATION / MANUFACTURING PROCESSES As per the consideration of TABLET MANUFACTURING process fig.1 shows the basic block diagram of tablet TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FLOW CHART. VISUAL INSPECTION METAL DETECTION SECONDARY PACKING MATERIAL SECONDARY PACKING TRANSFER TO FINISING GOODS STORE GRANULATION 12 COMPRESSION BLISTER OR STRIP PACKING PRIMARY PACKING MATERIAL COATING IF APPLICABLE RM RECEIPT TRANSFER TO MFG AREA Fig. 1 transformation or manufacturing process flow diagram. Granulation is a process by raw materials are mixing as per the required for tablet specification. Granulation take more time in tablet manufacturing process so we can say that this is internal part of bottleneck process. After granulation, compression perform to give specific required shape desired size of tablets. After finish compression process tablets goes to coating area where reduce mask the unpleasant test and odour. Visual inspection machines are used for finding damaged core or coated tablets. The last but not least process is packaging and it divide into two ways i.e. primary packaging with blister and secondary packaging with strip. After completion all these process finishing tablets transfer to finishing goods store as per inventory management. WALMART Wal-Mart is largest retailer service company in the world, headquarter in USA. The first Wal-mart store was opened by Sam Walton in 19961 in Bentonville, Arkansas. Wal-mart adopt different process management during operation like capacity management (coping with fluctuation in demand) , inventory (avoiding running out of products from sale) management, supply chain management (arranging for delivery of products to stores) etc. Wal-mart has worldwide customers. Wal-mart lays lots of values on different emphasis, example associate opportunity, sustainability, responsible sourcing, make large communities. Fig 2 : Wal-mart format Reference:- http://www.walmart.com/cp/All-Departments/121828 Accenture consulting (for fig 2,3,4) Figure3:-wal-mart operating diagram DIVISON WISE SALES Fig4:- Wal-mart Supply Chain complexities COMPARE BETWEEN ALKEM LABORATORIES AND WAL-MART ON THE BASIS OF COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES CORPORATE STRATEGY Comparison on the basis of COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES ALKEM LEBORETORIES WAL-MART COST; High cost No No Low cost Yes Yes QUALITY; Top quality yes No Consistent quality Yes Yes TIME; Delivery speed No No On time delivery Yes Yes FLEXIBILITY; customization Yes No Variety Yes Yes Volume flexibility Yes No Competitive priorities is a factors that can deliver cost, quality, time, flexibility, etc. that define satisfy by internal and external customer requirements. It also has ability to maintain existing as well as new customer demand. ( Krajewski, page no.30) The Similarity between ALKEM laboratories and Wal-mart on the basis of competitive priorities are; Low cost Consistent quality On time delivery variety ALKEM laboratories and WAL-MART has low cost, because ALKEM has its own industry to formulate many types of raw materials (granules). which is very near to product manufacturing unit and other reason that many customer in the market. Apart from this causes they have own biogas plant which produce half electricity of the total consumption. WAL-MART also has low cost priority because today market facing with too competition so they need to maintain customers and loyalty and it can only happen with provide low cost product without affecting quality. One reason for low cost is their world impact i.e. world no.1 supplier as supermarket services. Consistence quality is all about expectations of the external customers specification on the consistent basis. ALKEM laboratories provide consistence quality because they have separate quality and control department to assure about quality. So that they always keep the defect free quality parameters due to update production process after every steps of manufacturing process. WAL-MART also carry consistent quality performance for that achieve customers loyalty. It provide defect less product in the selves they cannot compromise with customers faith. WAL-MAET always monitor consistently of defectively product and manufacturing date and its expiry date. On time delivery is also an essential similarity of both company ALKEM and WAL-MART. In pharmaceutical company like ALKEM has on time delivery because it products has limited period of time, and protect market reputation so that it carry on time delivery to avoid product waste and customer unsatisfaction. Same condition is apply in WAL-MART because they also tend to fulfil all satisfaction of customers and their demand by product. ALKEM laboratories provides different types of medicines (different types of tablets, injections, dry powder syrups, liquid syrups, etc ) as per the customer requirements and demand. ALKEM laboratories has cephalosporin formulation group and antibacterial segment group that is unique variety in Indian market. WAL-MART also provides large range of variety with different brands with different products as per all types of customers considerations regarding cost, variations etc. The dissimilarity between ALKEM laboratories and Wal-mart on the basis of competitive priorities are; Top quality Customization Volume flexibility ALKEM laboratories provide top quality because ALKEM formulate cephalosporin formulation product which has high customer interaction and involvement. Customer interaction all about unique product like cephalosporin and antibacterial medicine that are only provide by ALKEM laboratories in Indian market with desired quantity, durability, hardness, etc. ALKEM product has more demanding by customers so its also one of reason to make top quality product company. ALKEM try to satisfy each and every customer with their desirable medicine (with effective and quick action without any sidefect ). Their competitive priority is a customisation. They formulate medicine depend upon the age like children (0 11 years), teenagers (12 17 years), adults (18 32 years) etc. because every does of medicine is defend by parameters quantity of quality depend on age. Medicine also characterise by design shape and test which also depend on age, for example children likes sweets medicine with small size of tablets, etc. ALKEM laboratories has large volume flexibility because they are able to expand product manufacturing capacity as per customer demand. The volume flexibility basically carry depend on demand and requirement. Comparison on the basis of CORPORATE STRATEGY Corporate strategy is a strategy which provides positions itself in its global, economic, political and social environment. In other words corporate strategy gives positioning of a corporation and the business. Corporate strategy consists with Environmental scanning, Developing core competencies ( workforce, facilities, market and financial, systems and technology ), developing core processes and global strategy. (reference:- lecture slides notes OM book by Robert Johnston 5th edition; page no 92 ) CORPORATE STRATEGY ALKEM LEBORETORIES WAL-MART Cost leadership Yes Yes Product leadership Yes No Customer intimacy Yes Yes Cost leadership ALKEM laboratories and WAL-MART both caries cost leadership. ALKEM lab use cost leadership to increase maximum share. As I discussed in above, ALKEM deliver low cost product with high quality product because they have own generate raw materials by fully automated system so they also minimize labour cost. WAL-MART has worldwide branches with no.1 position in their field so certainly market share also increase by cost leadership technique. WAL-MART has gained maximum share price in USA market by the using cot effective technique as compare with other competitors. It has variety of items with variety of price so it able to satisfy customers with effective less cost. (reference by OM book page 47) Product leadership ALKEM laboratories is a product leadership company because they are providing effective unique quality of medicine in the market by considering each different types of customers need. So cost also differ from variation in but ALKEM never compromise its quality with cost. WAL-MART does not caries product leadership because it only concentrate on how to minimize cost of the product to stand up in the service market with customer satisfaction. (reference by OM book 8th page 47) Customer intimacy ALKEM laboratories as well as WAL-MART both has customer intimacy because they both have technique to understand and maintain existing and new customers requirements. WAL-MART use measuring card so that they are able to know customer interest. ALKEM lab also use measuring chart for that measure customer interaction, this can measure yearly or half yearly. So by this technique both companies are able to find customer intimacy. PART B Critically analyze Capacity planning Capacity planning which define excess level of output in operation, process, facility etc. of any organization. Information is very much acceptable to build a successful capacity plan or decisions for an organization. Now, here I am going to critically describe timing and sizing expansions as wait-and-see strategy; Timing and sizing expansion consists with expansion strategy and wait-and-see strategy. The expansion strategy which involves large infrequent jumps in capacity that is predictable. Wait-and-see strategy which involves smaller prediction or short term prediction. This type of capacity planning is preferred by many of organization but not in all organization. wait-and-see strategy cannot be applicable in pharmaceutical (ALKEM laboratories) company, because during manufacturing medicine get expire date. so if company predict more or less during manufacturing and it cannot be sale after manufacturing than company get loss. Therefore pharmaceutical (ALKEM) company always aware about this condition and formulate product that are demanded by other parties. (reference by notes OM book Krajewski 8th ed Nigel slack 5th ed, page no 320) Inventory management Inventory is nothing but it is stock of an organization where goods or finished goods are stored . Generally types of inventory depend on different organization because it change time to time as per demand requirement, but in general there are five types of inventory. Name them buffer or safety inventory, cycle inventory, decoupling inventory, anticipation inventory, and pipeline inventory. Managing inventory is big challenge for every organization because excess inventory gives less profits but less inventory gives more profits. Now, here I am going to critically describe cycle inventory and ABC control inventory; cycle inventory: Cycle inventory is for a product that having consistent demand or supply in market. We can also say that cycle inventory is a time bond inventory which supply demand at a specified time while product available in market or not. Example weekly, monthly, etc. organization specially retailers like wal-mart to have safety stock, and avoid the use of cycle inventory to protect themselves from running out of stock of products in excess demand or any discontinuity in supply chain. That will affect the trust and reliability factor that they have with their customer`s. ALKEM laboratories also avoid cycle inventory because its demand not at a consistent level at all time by supplier or customer. For example in one week customer demand for 10 thousand tablets strips but in next week or any other week customer demand for 2 thousand tablets strips. So variation in demand cannot fulfill by the use of cycle inventory. (reference by notes OM book Krajewski 8th ed Nigel slack 5th ed, page no 396 ) Supply chain Supply chain is a network that connect firms core process it may be internal or external, like raw materials delivery from warehouse to manufacturing unit, customer and supplier relationship, etc. It provide to achieve competitive priorities. Supply chain gives the information about bottleneck process and try to minimize this concept. It also providing lower operating cost and reduce inventory. The main aim of supply chain is to meet the end customer requirements and satisfaction. Supply chain may also define as, the tier of organizations their facilities, functions, activities that are involved in producing and delivering a product or service. Now, here I am going to critically describe outsourcing; Outsourcing is a way of process by which a organization takes the services of other company or firm and pays them for their services or materials. This can be only happen when two firms has same kinds of product manufacturing. AKKEM laboratories Pharmaceutical cannot use or prefer outsourcing because it will affect the quality parameters and if the quality parameters are not matched by even very small size, the results might be very big disasters. Medicine should be more perfection because it related with our life so ALKEM pharmaceutical company never want to be compromise with customer life. For example ALKEM company has 1.000% perfection products and other one pharmaceutical company has 1.001% perfection products. So ALKEM company never want be compromise with 0.001% less perfection. (reference by notes OM book Krajewski 8th edition, page no 47) Performance Measure Performance measurement is a activity that measure whole performance of process operation. This performance objective consists with quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and financial these all are measure by composite with customer satisfaction, overall service operation level. Performance measure also concern with constraint management like inventory, throughput, operating expense and utilization of all process. By using some techniques we can find performance measurement such as Performance matrix Six sigma technique Balance score card (Kaplan and Norton) Balance score card represent whole business strategic positions. It measure past financial conditions of an organizations. The balance scorecard measurement taken with the help of Kaplan and Norton. Balance scorecard provide important information about organization strategic so, that easy to measure performance of an organization. The only benefits of this process measurement is to give performance result in a single report. fig 5. Measure used in the balanced scorecard In financial performance, it performe past measurement of profits, shereholder interest, capital market structure, etc. this gives idea to make target plane for future market. In internal process perfprmance, it measure efficiency of manufacturing production speed, employee perfomance, etc. In Learning and growth performance, it measure and try to implement technological affect, innovative work, new product development, etc. In customer performance, it tend to evaluate customer feedback, customer rate of satisfaction, etc. Now, here I am going to critically describe about Balance score card; The balance score card does not show any future aspects. It only gives the past financial aspects or can measure financial aspects along with the past financial performances. It does not indicate what problems will come or occurs in future and does not provide any solutions for those problem. Balance scorecard not acceptable by ALKEM laboratories firms because it gives past financial measurement which is not quite good to make future plane . By the use of balance score card organization or company are not able to evaluate adequate future value through investment in customers, suppliers, employees, process, technology and innovation. So this performance measurement are also not accepted by ALKEM laboratories. (Reference:- notes Operations management, by Robert Johnston page no 613) Total quality management (TQM) Total quality management is a key of success of any organization or industry. In other words Total Quality Management is a way by which any organization or industry can get more quality and assurance with the help of three main principle that are Customer satisfaction, Employee involvement, and continuous improvement. Customer satisfaction is very much important because, it is a path to that any organization can achieve high level of loyalty and product demand. This satisfaction is achieved by specification of product, values, durability, support, and mental attraction. Employee involvement is a second success key for organization or industry. In this step every employee contribute his full potential work to develop cultural change i.e. time to time modification in production, technology, new innovation, etc in every sector and build a strong team to take effective decision. Quality at source is main that describe inspect defected product and after solve and proceed it in process, where it created. Continuous improvement is an improvement that indicate performance increment which can be more and smaller. Continuous improvement is also known as Kaizen which is Japanese words. Every organizations aim is to build image in market by attractive product launch so modification is very much important with innovative machine technology by this continuous improvement organization get accelerative benefits in less time. Now, here I am going to critically describe about Quality at source; TQM is applicable for more firm but not all firm. In the case of pharmaceutical company quality at source which is part of TQM is not accepted by pharmacy company because Quality at source say that, at every step should need to provide required quality parameters without inspectors for rechecking the quality but when the matter of life death as in considerable in ALKEM pharmaceutical firm this cannot be apply. So this part of Total quality management cannot apply in ALKEM laboratories, because it necessary to make sure at every step the exact quality maintained to avoid any disaster. (reference by notes OM book Krajewski 8th ed Nigel slack 5th ed, page no 563 ) PART C Evaluating mix I have chosen wait-and-see, cycle inventory, outsourcing, balance scorecard, and quality at source in part B so behalf of these topic, Now here, I am going to evaluate its impact on ALKEM laboratories firm on the basis of Competitiveness, Innovation and Sustainability. Competitiveness It provide services and product that full fill the criteria of quality, services standards with acceptable profits. ALKEM pharmaceutical laboratories cannot prefer wait-and-see strategy because by expanding its production, it may result in over production and the product has limited self life and due to this the chances of expiring before consumption increase. So it loss the product and investment. In the cycle inventory concept, ALKEM can loss its competitiveness because in case of fluctuation in demand from market, they will not able to withstand and hence will causes customer unsatisfaction, delivery time failure and loss the customer loyalty. Outsourcing is another factor which should be avoided because it causes product quality variation but in case of ALKEM laboratories i.e. quality oriented firm, where quality is first goal. So they cannot compromise quality with cost. Balance scorecard also a part of competitiveness loss because it does not indicate future financial performance, customer target etc due to having past measurement ability. Similarly ALKEM laboratories cannot recommend qualit y at source technique because increasing the chance of quality decrease. Innovation It is idea that transfer economical cost and satisfy specific requirement. Innovation is essential, it has to be used. Innovation has great impact on wait-and-see strategy because when higher production is required in short time than innovation and technology are the key points to be used together and improved to achieve the goals by increasing machine/ process efficiency. ALKEM laboratories should not used cycle inventory, but should innovate new process which are cost effective and productive for achieving customer satisfaction and market share. In term of outsourcing company cannot develop their ability in technology and innovation field with their product because in this term company develop their product with collaborate company. So ALKEM laboratories should not use outsourcing operation that might affect in quality as well as increase in cost and result will, loss customer faith. Balance scorecard gives the measurement of past financial performance, so that ALKEM laboratories should not use this technique that affect high financial, customer and proce ss development target. New era and innovation technique use to achieve improvement and high performance and their set target. Quality at source should not use in ALKEM laboratories, here innovation play vital role that means company should inspect the protect after every process steps to find out any problems and can hence become able to innovate new process of resourcing and making sure they are not happening again. Sustainability It is way of Ability to maintain an activity or process over the long term. Sustainability is main key to identify product durability, strength, etc. it growth is depend on natural condition or resources. Now in sustainability condition ALKEM pharmaceutical laboratories should need to prefer wait-and-see strategy, because it gives predictable production, so it is a way of continuous improvement or growth that affect the economy growth during natural disaster or unwanted natural condition, but apart from environment condition wait-and-see strategy should not be applicable in ALKEM laboratories. In the cycle inventory concept, ALKEM can loss its sustainability because in case natural disaster they will not able to maintain their customer demand so that result will causes like customer unsatisfaction, delivery time failure and loss the customer loyalty. Outsourcing is another one which should need to be avoided by ALKEM laboratories because they have limited time period of product and also it causes product quality variation so that it loss durability and stren gth over a long time period. Balance scorecard also a part of sustainability loss because it does not indicate future financial growth, customer target etc that indicate how sustain in market environment so ALKEM should not be use this concept. Similarly ALKEM laboratories should not recommend quality at source technique because increasing the chance of quality decrease that are not suitable for durability condition. CONCLUSION Thus, I have studied and evaluate different operation technique use in an organisation to make and maintain effective operation. I have also analyse all different operation which is not applicable / suitable for all type of company or organisation. So after this study, I have analysed that without operation management technique, organization cannot stay in challenging market. Indeed operation management is the effective weapon. SUMMARY The aim of this task is to elaborate different concept, approach and important of management operations, which are apply or may be apply in two different organization. The description contain, Comparison on the basis of competitive priorities i.e. cost, quality, delivery speed, volume, variety, etc. and corporate strategy i.e. customer relationship, product development, service modification, order maintain, etc. Apart from comparison this description also elaborate different theoretical concept and its evaluation and impact such as capacity planning, inventory management, supply chain, performance measurement, and total quality management. evaluation impact description based on new era and environment.

Cuba Essay example -- Cuban Politics, Communism, Fidel Castro,

Cuba is a very unique country with regards to government and politics. It is distinctive not only in its being the last communist country in Latin America, but also due the fact that it has and is continuing to undergo major changes with regards to government policy. Through analysis of the five criteria for democracy, and scrutiny of systems theory, political scientists can see that Cuba is on the path to momentous political change due to its rapidly deteriorating, soviet modeled, communist government. Before breaking down the components of the criteria for democracy and systems theory as they apply to Cuba, it is important to briefly consider the aforementioned countries history. Cuba’s current government began after President Batista was overthrown in a violent coup led by Fidel Castro in 1959. In 1961 Castro formally declared Cuba a socialist state; it is now recognized simply as a totalitarian communist state (US State dept, 3/25/10). While the Cuba does have a written constitution allotting civil rights, it for all intents and purposes, negates these liberties by declaring that, â€Å"any citizen attempting to prevent the growth of socialism† is exempt from said rights (US State dept, 3/25/10). The constitution also identifies the Cuban Communist Party as the only party with legal legitimacy. As one may have already inferred from these stringent governmental laws, the economy is also controlled entirely by the communist party, this however is one of the interest ing points in the analysis of the Cuban political the system as a large portion of the government employed workforce is soon to be fired in favor of a move to the private sector (The Economist, Nov. 2010). At the time of the US state departments report on Cuba, eighty-t... ... five criteria for democracy as presented by Charles Hauss, Cuba failed miserably in competitive elections and rule of law, on the other hand while certainly far from industrialized democracies, recent developments hint at the potential for improvements in civil rights and the prevalence of capitalism. As far as systems theory is concerned in Cuba, it is almost impossible until improvements are made In the aforementioned civil rights criterion. Finally as it compares to other communist countries, Cuba is showing signs of travelling the path of the USSR and facing collapse as Perestroika begins and the regime is restructured. All things considered, Cuba has become an immensely intriguing country for political scientists in recent years as it has begun several transitions toward far greater democratization than it had ever experienced under its former leader.

Hitlers Rise To Power :: essays research papers fc

Hitler’s Rise To Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who or what was responsible for Hitler’s rise to power? Many believe that there was only one factor for his rise to power. Some state that Hitler could not have risen to power in any other than Germany, implying that he was nothing more than a product of German culture. Others say that Hitler made himself dictator by means of his political genius. And yet still others claim that it was the weak democratic government of the Weimar Republic or Germany’s social and economic scene in the 1930’s that made the people restless and ready for a dictator to come to power. There was no sole cause for Hitler’s rise to power. There were two. The political and economic chaos of the 1920’s and the 1930’s joined forces with German culture that enabled Hitler to rise to power. Both play an equal part. Together, both reasons fit together like pieces of a puzzle, to create a unique situation for Hitler’s rise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitler was in part a product of German culture. German culture stands out as particularly aggressive and racist. The values and ideas found in this culture’s history inspired Hitler to do many things that he did and can explain in part why he felt the way he did on certain issues (Stern).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stevens 2 Hundreds of years before Hitler emerged, German philosophers and artist preached an almost religious worship of the state. They discussed the idea of the master race, and created a mythology of German heroism that encouraged loyalty to the group and glorified death for the country. Hitler and many Germans like him, was an enthusiastic student of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel who argued that the State â€Å"has the supreme right against the individual, whose supreme duty is to be a member of the State.† Hegel foresaw in the early 1800’s that â€Å"Germany’s hour† would come and that the country’s mission would be to redevelop the world. A German hero would complete this mission (Landry). Like Hegel, another German philosopher more directly portrayed the conventionality and obedience necessary for a secure State. Heinrich von Treitschke espoused that it was of no consequence what you thought about anything, just as long as you obeyed German law. Germany’s tradition also produced Friedrich Nietzsche who preached the coming of a master race and the superman who would conquer, impose a glorified state, and purify the master race.

My Father: No Ordinary Man Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about my

My father was a great fan of Mark Twain. He had a couple of Twain quotes he loved to recite, and one in particular he liked to recite around me: "When I was a boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be twenty-one, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years." I could never really think of dad as ignorant, even when I was fourteen. He was a walking encyclopedia, an encyclopedia I consulted daily. But he was an easy man to underestimate. In part this was because he was a great listener, and like all great listeners would rather hear than be heard. That was another one of his favorite Twain quotes: "Better to keep your mouth shut and be thought a fool than to open it and remove all doubt." But he was also easy to underestimate because he tended to underestimate himself. He would have been astonished, genuinely astonished, at the outpouring of love and admiration that has washed over our family in the last week. And there is enough of my father in me that I have been astonished as well. Friends of mine, some of whom I thought barely knew dad, have called or sent word from as far away as Vienna and Taipei to say that my father changed their life for the better. My oldest friend, who is now a mountain climber and a nature photographer, astonished me by saying he might never have becom... ...e Bailey couldn't see in the movie It's A Wonderful Life. George Bailey saw himself as a very ordinary man. And because he was a man of great intellect and potential, he sometimes saw his ordinary life as a kind of failure. It was not until the angel took him out of his own life and showed him the profound connections between his life and every other life in his community, that he was finally able to see himself for the hero that he was. My father was a George Bailey. And just as George's friends came together and emptied their pockets for him when he was in trouble, all of his friends joined together in a celebration of his life. I only wish he could have seen it, because he never would have believed it. My Father: No Ordinary Man Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about my My father was a great fan of Mark Twain. He had a couple of Twain quotes he loved to recite, and one in particular he liked to recite around me: "When I was a boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be twenty-one, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years." I could never really think of dad as ignorant, even when I was fourteen. He was a walking encyclopedia, an encyclopedia I consulted daily. But he was an easy man to underestimate. In part this was because he was a great listener, and like all great listeners would rather hear than be heard. That was another one of his favorite Twain quotes: "Better to keep your mouth shut and be thought a fool than to open it and remove all doubt." But he was also easy to underestimate because he tended to underestimate himself. He would have been astonished, genuinely astonished, at the outpouring of love and admiration that has washed over our family in the last week. And there is enough of my father in me that I have been astonished as well. Friends of mine, some of whom I thought barely knew dad, have called or sent word from as far away as Vienna and Taipei to say that my father changed their life for the better. My oldest friend, who is now a mountain climber and a nature photographer, astonished me by saying he might never have becom... ...e Bailey couldn't see in the movie It's A Wonderful Life. George Bailey saw himself as a very ordinary man. And because he was a man of great intellect and potential, he sometimes saw his ordinary life as a kind of failure. It was not until the angel took him out of his own life and showed him the profound connections between his life and every other life in his community, that he was finally able to see himself for the hero that he was. My father was a George Bailey. And just as George's friends came together and emptied their pockets for him when he was in trouble, all of his friends joined together in a celebration of his life. I only wish he could have seen it, because he never would have believed it.

Evaluation and Application of Thesis

MMS DBA Student-Walden University Introduction Christopher and Towill in the article, â€Å"Developing Market Specific Chain Strategies†, developed the thesis that there are three feasible pipeline designs for supply chain (Christopher & Towill, 2002). These designs resulted from the analysis of the relations between, demand, product, supply lead-times, as main factors in global supply chain, and, cost and agility, as results from the market requirements. Christopher and Towill adopted a notion of total cost that reflects more the unit cost than the traditional way of limiting cost to manufacturing cost (Christopher & Towill, 2002). Hewlett-Packard (HP) along with its early integrated process supply chain management has adopted that notion of total cost (Lee & Billington, 1995; Edmondson & Wheelwright, 1989). In fact total integrated inventories with retailers adopted by HP correspond to the quick response model developed by Christopher and Towill (Billington et al. , 2004). The predictable demand model may fit the decentralized incorporated system adopted by HP (Edmondson & Wheelwright, 1989). Analysis and Findings Based on the assumptions that demand is either predictable or volatile, product is either standard or special, and supply lead-times are either long or short, and all are applicable in the global supply market, Christopher and Towill induced eight possibilities for the supply chain based on demand, product, and supply lead-times (Christopher & Towill, 2002). The findings of eight possibilities based on the characteristics of demand, product, and lead-times specified is coherent to the mathematical combination formulae associated, the number of possibilities to combine three sets of two elements each. The analysis of these eight possibilities, in respect with agility and cost effectiveness, led Christopher and Towill to conclude on the representativeness of the three pipelines, lean pipeline, agile pipeline, and quick response model, as supply chain models (Christopher & Towill, 2002). These models fit well the global supply chain for, an expected demand is either predictable or volatile corresponding to the two first pipelines and an unexpected demand requires a quick response, hence the quick response model fits that kind of demand. Christopher and Towill provided in that study examples and tables supporting the findings and developed a concise theoretical basis for the quick response model. The tables may have been supported with more mathematical concepts within the text. The research findings by Christopher and Towill in this study are intended for managers of global supply chain as a whole in order to achieve competitive advantage for their companies. The lean supply chain that applies the lean model to the entire supply may be a modern view of the quick response model developed by Christopher and Towill (Mentzer, Myers, & Stank, 2007, p. 288). Applicability to HP Hewlett-Packard (HP) started to tackle the global supply cost related problems back in late 1980s, and implemented integrated processes (Lee & Billington, 1995; Edmondson & Wheelwright, 1989). HP company leaders continued research for competitive advantage through supply chain models adopting the concept of total cost and resulted in massive cost savings (Billington et al. 2004). The adoption of the total cost of the supply chain framework mentioned shows that the quick response model as developed by Christopher and Towill is consistent to the HP Company supply model at least for pioneering in viewing the cost of a unit not only in term of manufacturing but in term of supply, building and distribution (Christopher & Towill, 2002). The electronic market is changing rapidl y and HP had since 1991 implemented a decentralized and incorporated system that allowed localized divisions to operate more independently (Lee & Billington, 1995). This incorporated and decentralized system adopted by HP leaders is consistent to the predictable demand pipeline developed by Christopher and Towill. Conclusion Christopher and Towill concluded, suggesting that: Generally the preferred solution will be that predictable demand for standard items will be met via a lean pipeline probably fed from overseas manufacturers. Volatile demand for special items will then be met via an agile pipeline probably fed from home manufacturers. A third pipeline design is for quick response to top-up standard products for which there are an unexpected demand for specific colors, sizes, and volume. References Billington, C. , Callioni, G. , Crane, B. , Ruark, J. D. , Rapp, J. U. , White, T. , & Willems, S. P. (2004, Jan/Feb). Accelerating the Profitability of Hewlett-Packard’s Supply Chains. Interfaces, 34(1), 59-72, from Business Source Premier, doi: 10. 1287/inte. 0103. 0054 Edmondson, Harold E. , & Wheelwright, Steven C.. (1989). Outstanding Manufacturing In The Coming Decade. California Management Review, 31(4), 70-90, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 289046). Lee, H. L. , & Billington, C. (1995, Sep/Oct). The Evolution of Supply-Chain-Management Models and Practice at Hewlett-Packard. Interfaces, 25(5), 42-63. Martin Christopher, & Denis R Towill. (2002). Developing market specific supply chain strategies. International Journal of Logistics Management, 13(1), 1-14, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 196608131). Mentzer, J. T. , Myers, M. B. , & Stank, T. P. (Eds. ). (2007). Handbook of global supply chain management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

English and Vietnamese Adjective Phrases.

pop A INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale. Nowadays, slope is the well-nigh wide apply in the world and evasive actions an whopping role together with the victimization of golf club and technologies. slope is non besides the impressive miserlys of communication just direct in supplyition yield its progressive effects in human beingsy aspects of life. Practic excepty, study on the similarities and distinctions mingled with the 2 lanongonococcal urethritisages and cultures side and Vietnamese has been adept of my get discussioncerns. It is clear that at that place atomic number 18 many going aways amidst the dickens lanongonococcal urethritisages of as unless(prenominal)(prenominal)se in grammar, lexicology, description, phonetic and so on.However at that place good-tempered exist plenty of similarities and differences betwixt slope and Vietnamese that tooshie be exhibit contrastive compendium. When choosing the reconcile for the assignment, I target a good deal attention to procedural invents be bring forth this empyrean may make me conf apply. I entrust that this study help me as whole many as separate learners will hear adjectival verbiages in slope and Vietnamese thoroughly. 2. Aims of the study. My research aims at. + Giving theoretical cathode-ray oscilloscope of face and Vietnamese adjectival styles. Analyzing of the enunciate launch in face procedural with Vietnamese equivalence + Presenting virtu in ally seriousies confront by Vietnamese learners of side in procedural styles and 3. Scope of the study. During the study process, I strike been attracted by adjectival phrases. Beca exercise of duration allowance and dwellledge, I apprise non cover all its complex body parts, operations, etc. simply yet focussing on baseball clubs, and I introduce whatsoever similarities and differences of adjective phrases surrounded by English and Vietnamese for the research. PART B DEVELOPMENT I. literary productions Review I. 1.Definition of adjective phrase I. 1. 1. English Adjective phrase fit in to quarter none et al. (57) and Greenbaunm (32), an adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective such as big or happy as its interrogative. at heart the adjectives phrase, the adjective may be pre-modified (too c atomic number 18ful) or mooring-modified ( apprehensive of ghost ) or cardinal of premodifed and post modified (too c overage to swim, extremely afraid of ghost). The social anatomical structure of the typical adjective phrase is shown at the by-line(a) physical body. The p arnthesis sharpen the optional elements. pic Eg. I am tire brain The room is full of fume ead postmod. The bus is real slow to redress off premod. charge postmod. I. 1. 1. Vietnamese Adjective phrase According to Di? p Quang illegalise (5) and Nguy? n Tai C? n (10), a Vietnamese adjective phrase is a phrase in which in that respect is an adjective as a head. For framework t? t, v? n r? t t? t, r? t t? t, t? t qua. kindred English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives develop the top executive to accord with modifiers which be divided into two parts modifiers preceding the head argon called premodifiers, whereas those embraceing the head atomic number 18 called premodifiers.In Vietnamese adjective phrases, any(prenominal) modifiers shadower fuck off in both originally and later the head. eg. xinh qua, qua xinh, c? c k? t? t, t? t c? c k?. Like the structure of noun phrases and verb phrases, the full construction of an adjective phrase exists of three components a head, premodifier, and postmodifer and the short construction may consist of one component (a head) or two components (a head and premodifier or a head and postmodifier). The structure of the typical Vietnamese adjective phrase is in the side by side(p) figure premodifier(s) + head + postmodifier(s) I. 2.Adjective phrases and their outranks I. 2. 1. intelligence activity modula te by mover of syntactic functions of English adjective phrases According to Greenbaum (32) Adjective functions stir two principal(prenominal) functions premodifier of a noun ( attributive genitive function) and subject predicative(subject predicative function). Eg. premodifier of a noun (attributive function) My cat is a genuinely strange cat. Subject predicative(subject predicative function). My sister is genuinely(prenominal) pretty Besides, There are some other functions of adjective phrase reject predicative function They are pass to paint their firm pink Postmodifier of a pronoun Shall we go to somewhere cool? Postmodifier of a noun I dont mean to make my wife sad token(a) adjective You should abash the Chinese and the Nipponese Complement of a preposition he did non pass back home public treasury late last night. a. raillery ensnare in attribute function When they follow sooner nouns, they draw in the following ready a (adjective) + b (noun) Eg. Barack Obama is a extremely strict president a + b As the character shows, adjective phrases apply in premodification are normally either one news program phrase. When they seminal fluid after nouns, they baring in the following tell apart b (noun) + a (adjective) Eg. I am thirteen years old b + a Anyone intelligent net apply for the job b + a Barack Obama was the president elect. b + a b. Word straddle in predicative function In adjective phrase, an adjective non only occurs in attributive position, it dope to a fault egress in predicative position as subject equilibrize after linking verbs equivalent be, seem, turn out, especially the verbs of odor taste, look, smell, etc. There is a copular simileship among subject and subject complement.The news program say support be get toalized as a (subject) + b (linking verb) + c (adjective) Eg The cake tastes sweet a + b + c Your perfume smells musky a + b + c That harmony sounds good-looking a + b + c She s eems innocent a + b + c I. 2. 2. Word secernate by syntactical functions of Vietnamese Adjective phrases a. Word state in Attributive function In Vietnamese adjective phrases, adjective in the attributive function ofttimes follow the noun they modify according to the coiffe a (noun) + b (adjective) (noun) + b (modifier) + c (adjective) a (noun) + c (adjective) + b (modifier) Eg. local area network da nau c? a co ? y v? n cu? n hut toi = Her brown skin settle down attracts me Do la bu? i sang mai th? t d? p = That is a precise nice too soon morning M? t khi? c vay l? a Ha Dong th? t d? p a + c + b + d M? t ki? c vay c? a Ha Dong b? ng l? a th? t d? p a + b + c + d M? t chi? c vay l? a th? t d? p c? a Ha Dong a + c + d + b M? t chi? c vay th? t d? p b? ng l? a c? Ha Dong a + d + c + b b. Word antitheticaliate in Predicative Function In Vietnamese adjective phrases, adjectives keister without delay function as predicative like verbs and the baffle erect be pointali se as a (subject) + b (adjective) Eg. B? phim th? t hay = The involve was very interesting a + b When Vietnamese adjectives are in the predicative function, they pot combine with the criteria of verbs. These are + aspect-time churchman da, s? , t? ng, con, chua, etc. a (subject) + b (aspect-time maker) + c (head) Eg. Co nongonococcal urethritis? i toc da b? c pho + b + c II. Contrastive analysis of the record order in English adjective with Vietnamese equivalence It is explicit that both English and Vietnamese are uninflected phrases but they belong to polar linguistic typologies. English is an inflectional and analytical language, whereas Vietnamese is a typical single out and non-inflectional language. Therefore, apart from the similarities which do not cause difficulties for learners, there are many differences amid English and Vietnamese adjective phrases and their orders which bunghole cause a variety of problems (errors and confusion) for learners.So, I will go deeply into the differences only and I think relation mightiness be the best way to find out the differences in the news program order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases. The following resemblance will focus on the differences in 1. Word order through and through syntactic functions of adjective phrases 2. Word order in premodification of adjective phrases 3. Word order through basic breaker points of comparison II. 1. Word order through syntactic functions of adjective phrases In terms of main syntactic functions, most English and Vietnamese adjectives stub be utilize both attributively and predicatively.When adjective function attributively, they attribute to a quality or characteristic to what is denoted noun they modify. However, there are differences in the intelligence operation order in the English and Vietnamese adjective phrases through their syntactic functions. II. 1. 1. Word order in Attributive function he is a very generous man Anh ? y la m? t ngu? i hao phong Premod. + N N + postmod. English is a rather difficult subject Ti? ng Anh la m? t mon h? c kha kho Premod. + N N + postmod From the above utilisations, it can be seen that both English and Vietnamese adjective functions as attribute of nouns, i. e. in attributive function, and they do not deepen in signifier to agree with nouns. However, in the attributive function, English adjectives are utilize as premodifier of the noun, i. e. they come before the noun and appear between the determiner and the head of the noun phrase, whereas Vietnamese adjectives share the comparable character in that they ofttimes function as postmodifier, i. . they come after the noun. This is an important difference between the two languages. II. 1. 2Word order in predicative function The following vitrines show the difference in the word order of adjective phrases in predicative function. Eg. Lan is very pretty and intelligent Lan r? t xinh d? p va eyelash minh intense V. Adj. + Adj. Adj. + Adj. I dont like living in the house because it is so Toi khong thich s? ng trong ngoi nha do vi no b? n th? i va t? tammy dirty and dark Adj. + Adj. intensive V. Adj. + Adj. asunder from the attributive function, both English and Vietnamese adjectives can also be utilise predicatively. However, in English, when adjectives function as connote they are used after an intensive verb be. unalike English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives play the predicative role instanter without the linking verb be, i. e. in this function, Vietnamese adjectives are used to complete a convict without any verbs or verb phrase.On the contrary, English adjectives can never function as verbs. In a fourth dimension, they must(prenominal) follow a verb or a verb phrase. Moreover, when we translate from English into Vietnamese, we often meet a large(p) number of disyllabic adjectives in Vietnamese. For modelling xinh xinh x? n (beautiful) kho kho khan (difficult) ch? m ch? m ch? p ( slow) g? n g? n gang (tidy) Generally, these disyllabic adjectives are formed from monosyllabic adjectives. Whether using monosyllabic or disyllabic depends on the habit of the Vietnamese Eg. It is clear that he is quite slow Ro rang r? ng anh ? y kha ch? ch? p The weather makes me feel tired Th? i ti? t lam cho toi c? m th? y m? t m? i Furtherto a greater extent, almost all Vietnamese monosyllabic adjectives can be used repeatedly to diminish the characteristics or levels. And these are typical experiences of Vietnamese adjectives which we do not find in English, for example I felt cold (Toi c? m th? y lanh l? nh). Unlike English adjectives, in Vietnamese, some adjectives can combine with nouns adjective + noun to form the chemical group of read adjectives to fetch the state of the characteristics. For example My let is a very careful and helpful womanM? c? a toi la m? t ngu? i ph? n? c? n th? n va nhi? t tinh These group of intercommunicate language throw nonliteral means and can function as predicate and attribute. Here are some groups of voice communication which are frequently used nong tinh(hot-tempered), d? tinh(easy-going), t? t b? ng(knid-hearted), sang d? (clever), dung c? m (brave), etc. However, when the order of the groups of terminology is inverted, the metaphoric nitty-gritty disappears. Besides, in Vietnamese, the structure ma + adjectives is used to strongly show the objection to an opinion, a remark bonny made by the speaker.This structure is only applied the peers or inferiors Eg. Is Nam really hail-fellow-well-met? Anh Nam ma than thi? n a? Generally, in languages, the positive sentences oblige the positive meaning, but in Vietnamese, when ma precedes adjectives in the sentence, the sentence has the negative meaning. The sentence Anh Nam ma than thi? n a? (Is Nam really friendly? ) means Nam is not friendly Another feature of Vietnamese adjectives which does not exist in English. That is, adjectives that precede ra, len, di l? i to form compound words or the group of words turn into verbs or involve the character of verbs.In Vietnamese, the pattern adjectives + ra/len/ di/l? i is used to express the development of character, state of things or people. When these words combine with adjectives, they often imply the presupposition and have the contrary content, for example when we say Lan d? o nay trong xinh ra. It implies that Lan is more beautiful than before. In Vietnamese, the champion of positive uses the pattern adjective + ra/len. In English, this structure is show by Intensive verb + adjective with the comparative meaning. The creation is becoming warmer Trai d? t dang nong d? len Vintensive + Adj Adj + len II. 1. 3. Word order in premodification of adjective phrases In this section, we will talk about and analyse the differences in the word order in premodification of English and Vietnamese adjective phrases in detail through explanation Eg. I am very beaming to meet you To i r? t vui m? ng du? c g? p anh Intensi. + Adj Intensi. Adj The tigers are very big and gibbet Nh? ng con h? ?y to l? n va hung d? l? m Intensi. + Adj + adj Adj + adj+ Intensi. She is very nervous before each exam Co ? y da qua lo l? ng tru? c m? i k? thi intensive + Adj Intensi. + Adj I am very remorseful and disappointed Toi th? an h? n va th? t v? ng qua Intensifier + Adj + Adj Adj + adj+ Intensi Through the above examples, it should be noted both English and Vietnamese adjectives serve as the head of adjective phrases. Adjective phrases may contain only an adjective as the head, or two components the head and premodifier or the head and postmodifier. twain English and Vietnamese adjectives are premodified in general by adverbs. Generally, premodifiers are intensifiers.In English, they are very, extremely, rather, a bit, quite, etc. and in Vietnamese, they are r? t, r? t la, qua, th? t, c? c k? , hoi, etc. However, there are some differences in the order of the ad verbs denoting classs in the two languages. In English, these adverbs are followed by adjectives while in Vietnamese, they can occur both before and after adjectives. For instance, in Vietnamese, the adverbs r? t, qua, l? m are used to indicate the highest detail of the someoneal or non-personal characteristics and they are the uniform meaning but different in usage.All of them can be translated as very besides, qua, l? m may be translated as too and so in English. These examples also show that the word order of adverbs of degree very in English and r? t r? t la in Vietnamese is the same, i. e. they occur before adjectives. However, very and r? t are often used in written language, whereas r? t la is often used in speak language. But when very is used as l? m or qua, the word order us absolutely different. L? m in Vietnamese must be preceded by adjectives and it is often used in spoken language.Contrary to l? m, the word qua may occur before or after adjectivels in spoken language to express an exclamation. Also c? c k? , tuy? t, th? t may occur before or after adjectives. However, the words qua, c? c k? , tuy? t, th? t often appear after adjectives, therefore, when they are used before adjectives, they are often used with the meaning of emphasis or assessment. Unlike English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives can play the predicative role directly, so they can combine with the aspect-time criteria of the verbs such as da, dang, s? , v? n,c? con and it is a typical feature of Vietnamese. This combination expresses the relation between the characteristics and time. These characteristics are based on the nose out of native speakers and they exist like the form of the state. In short, modifiers da, dang, s? , v? n, c? , con not only express grammatic meaning but also the purpose of the statement and the relation between a speaker and reality. In Vietnamese, in certain situations of the sentence, these meanings will be fareed. Eg. They were very succe ssful H? a r? t thanh cong Vintens. + Intensi. + Adj time-maker + intens. + adj Our country is different now D? t nu? c c? a chung ta da khac xua Vintens.. + Adj time-maker + adj after(prenominal) the wedding, She is very happy Sau l? cu? i, co ? dang r? t h? nh phuc Vintens. + Intensi. + Adj time-maker + adj I hope that you will be comfortable Toi hy v? ng la b? n s? c? m th? y tho? i mai Aux. + Vintens.. + Adj time-maker + adj My wife was still violent V? toi v? n con gi? Vintens.. + Adv + adj time-maker + adj From these, we can see a very remarkable structural difference In English, aspect-time categories are indicated by the forms of the verbs, whereas do not Vietnamese do not have the category of time and the meaning of the time is indicate by supporting words da, dang, s? , v? n, c? , v? n con. In Vietnamese, the predicative function is expressed by the structures da/dang/s? /v? n/c? con/v? n c? /con c? + adjective, but in English this function is expressed by di fferent structures intensive verb(past) + adjective intensive verb( manifest) + adjective, auxiliary + present participle+ adjective auxiliary + be + adjective, intensive verb + still + adjective. II. 1. 4 Word order through basic degree of comparison intimately adjectives in English and Vietnamese can take comparison. These are gradable adjectives and they have three degrees of comparison same degree high(prenominal) degree turn down degree a. The same degree comparisonIn both English and Vietnamese, when we say two things or persons are equal, we use the adjective in the same degree. In english, we use the structure as + adj + as, whereas in Vietnamese, we use some modifiers nhu, b? ng, tuong t? after adjectives in the structure adj + nhu/b? ng/tuong t?. For example My wife is not as beautiful as yours V? toi khong xinh b? ng v? anh My house is as small as your office Nha c? a toi ch? b? ng caravan phong c? anh thoi Nobody can understand me as much as my mother Kho ng ai co th? hi? u toi nhu m? c? b. The higher degree comparison In order to indicate the difference in the word order in the degrees of comparison. First I would give here some examples and their translation into Vietnamese. Hanoi is much more beautiful than Hanoi was Ha N? i ngay nay d? p hon nhi? u Ha N? i tru? c kia Health and happiness are more important than money S? c kho? va h? nh phuc quan tr? ng hon ti? n b? One of the worst diseases which homo have is cancer M? t trong nh? ng can b? nh nguy hi? m nh? t ma loai ngu? i ph? i ch? u la ung thu These examples show that in the higher degree of comparison, English adjectives change their forms. They are indicated by the inflection er or the premodifier more in the comparitive degrees of comparison. We also add the inflection est or the premodifier most to show the superlative degree.We have some particular proposition rules when using er, est, more and most. In contrast, in Vietnamese, in both comparative and superlati ve degrees, modifiers always come after the adjective they modify and adjectives do not change their form in both cases c. The lower degree of comparison When we want to say a person or a thing has less of a quality then the other, we use the comparison of the lower degree. In the lower degree, English adjectives take the modifier less.. then? or can be negated from the equality degree and the lowest degree can be denoted by adding the modifier the least.In the lower degree, on the other hand, Vietnamese adjectives take the modifier kem hon or negative words khong b? ng Khong du? c nhu and the lowest degree can be expressed by the words kem nh? t it nh? t. For example The moving-picture show was less interesting than I anticipate B? phim nay khong hay nhu toi mong d? i less + adj + than khong + adj nhu This city is not as dangerous as others thanh ph? nay khong nguy hi? nhu cac thanh ph? khac not + as + adj + as In Vietnamese, the relation between these modifiers is very co mplicated. For instance, we may distribute b? ng opposite to kem and khong b? ng may replaced by kem. The word hon may have the similar meaning as b? ng when it combines with khong (khong hon). For example Khong co gi quy hon d? c l? p t? do (Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom) Di? m c? a anh ? y khong hon di? m toiDue to the complete semantics of these modifiers we do not have grammatical category relating to the meaning of degrees of comparison of Vietnamese adjectives. In short, in this chapter, we have discussed the major issues relating to the differences in the form, the word order through the syntactic function, the word order in premodification and basic degrees of comparison of English and Vietnamese adjectives. We can say the word order in Vietnamese phrases is much more complicated then that in English adjective phrases because in Vietnamese adjective phrases, more modifiers can occur both before and after the head adjective phrases.The striking diff erence between the English and Vietnamese adjective phrases is in the word order through the attributive and predicative functions. Moreover, Vietnamese adjectives may appear with the modifiers showing aspect-time criteria of verbs which we do not find in English. Besides, in English. we clearly distinguish parts of speech adjectives and adverbs with words denoting manner while in Vietnamese we have only one adjectives. II. 2. Some students super acid mistakes in using adjective phrases English and Vietnamese are quite different languages, so it is impossible to avoid mistake when learners use adjective phrases.The following mistakes can be the most common ones + Learners often put adjectives in the wrong order because of the influence of their mother tongue. As you know both English and Vietnamese adjectives are used to modify nouns, but English adjectives often precede the nouns they modify, whereas Vietnamese adjectives often follow the nouns they modify. That is the reason wh y Vietnamese learners use adjectives incorrectly. + Vietnamese learners often confuse between adjectives which have the -ed and -ing worried/worrying, unbalanced/exciting, etc.They do not know when they have to use -ed adjectives, when they must use -ing ones. For example a boring film or a bored film PART C CONCLUSION This study has analysed, compared the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases. It has analysed the similarities and differences in the arrangement of the words in adjective phrases between two languages based on the basic grammatical structures. By examining the description and comparison of the word order in English adjective phrases with Vietnamese equivalents, this study has shown there are both similarities and differences in the two languages.The most typical similarity is in the structure premodifier + Adj + postmodifier shared by the two languages where the head of the adjective phrases is in the centre of the phrase and around it there may be modifiers premodifier and postmodifier, but they are optional. The basic differences in the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases are seeming to cause many problems in understanding, expressing ideas and translation. So much attention should be give to the differences in teaching adjective phrases to Vietnamese learners. -The end- REFERENCES 1. Aarts. F. & Aart,J. , (1982) English syntactic structures. Oxford Pergamon wish 2. Alexander,L. G. (1992). Longman English Grammar. EssexLongman 3. Ban, Diep Quang (1998) Ng? Phap ti? ng Vi? t. Ha N? i Nha xu? t b? n Giao d? c 4. Fisiak,J. (1981) Contrastive analysis and language teacher. Oxford Oxford Pergamon Institute of English 5. M? nh, Tr? n H? u. (2000). A guide to University grammar of English. Ha N? i D? i h? c M?. 6. Quirk,R et al. (1973). A University Grammar of English. Essex Longman ADJECTIVE PHRA SE Pre-modifier(s) Adjective Postmodifier (s)